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Physicochemical properties of mucus and their impact on transmucosal drug delivery
Open accessAbstract
Mucus is a selective barrier to particles and molecules, preventing penetration to the epithelial surface of mucosal tissues. Significant advances in transmucosal drug delivery have recently been made and have emphasized that an understanding of the basic structure, viscoelastic properties, and interactions of mucus is of great value in the design of efficient drug delivery systems. Mucins, the primary non-aqueous component of mucus, are polymers carrying a complex and heterogeneous structure with domains that undergo a variety of molecular interactions, such as hydrophilic/hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. These properties are directly relevant to the numerous mucin-associated diseases, as well as delivering drugs across the mucus barrier. Therefore, in this review we discuss regional differences in mucus composition, mucus physicochemical properties, such as pore size, viscoelasticity, pH, and ionic strength. These factors are also discussed with respect to changes in mucus properties as a function of disease state. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a state of the art roadmap for researchers who must contend with this critical barrier to drug delivery.
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“However, formulations that cannot penetrate mucous layers and biofilms have low pulmonary bioavailability due to rapid enzymatic deactivation, sequestration and elimination by coughing 22,29 .”
From Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Leal, J., Smyth, H. D. C., & Ghosh, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Debadyuti
- Venue
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 532
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 555-572
- ISSN
- 0378-5173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5744044
- OpenAlex
- W2754709330
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 314
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL138251)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- mucus, mucosal drug delivery, mucin, mucus barrier, viscoelasticity, pore size, pH, ionic strength, mucosal epithelium, drug delivery systems
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mucins, Mucus, Viscosity, Drug Delivery Systems, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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