Zinc nanoparticles coated with doxorubicin-conjugated alginate as a radiation sensitizer in triple-negative breast cancer cells
Abstract
The main treatment modalities for breast cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, and each treatment will bring different side effects. Design and synthesizing a novel nanostructure for chemo-radiotherapy has been proposed as an effective method in consideration to enhance the drug efficiency as well as improve the effect of radiotherapy. This study aimed to synthesize zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) coated with alginate conjugated with Doxorubicin (Dox) drug and investigate its effects along with X-irradiation on MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line. ZnNPs coated with alginate were synthesized and conjugated to Dox by covalent bonding and characterized using various physicochemical tests. A hemolysis test was used to assess blood biocompatibility. The radiosensitization properties and anti-cancer effects of the synthesized nanostructures were tested by cell uptake, cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and scratch assays with and without radiation exposure. The physicochemical characterization results showed that the synthesis of nanostructures was successfully carried out. The obtained results from the cell uptake assay showed the effective absorption of nanostructures by the cells. The Zn@Alg-Dox NPs significantly reduced cell growth, increased apoptosis, inhibited cell migration, and led to the arrest of different cell cycle phases in both conditions with and without X-ray exposure. Coating ZnNPs with alginate and Doxorubicin conjugation leads to an increase the radiation sensitivity in radiotherapy as well as therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, Zn@Alg-Dox NPs can be used as radiosensitizing nanomedicine for in vivo studies in the future.
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Therapeutic payload delivery, including chemotherapeutic agents, epigenetic modulators, and nucleic acid-based therapeutics, was commonly described in the included studies.
“Therapeutic payload delivery was also commonly described, including chemotherapeutic agents, epigenetic modulators, and nucleic acid-based therapeutics [27,42,45,52,71,72,73].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
Additional findings included decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis following combined nanoparticle and radiotherapy treatment.
“Additional findings included decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis following combined nanoparticle and radiotherapy treatment [20,27,33,50,59,72].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Asadi, N., Gharbavi, M., Rezaeejam, H., Farajollahi, A., & Johari, B.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Farajollahi, Alireza
- Johari, Behrooz
- Venue
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 659
- Pages
- 124285
- ISSN
- 0378-5173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4399117900
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (68532, IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1400.543)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Keywords
- zinc nanoparticles, doxorubicin, alginate coating, radiosensitization, triple-negative breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 cells, chemoradiotherapy, X-ray irradiation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, cell migration inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Alginates, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic, Cell Movement, Cell Survival, Doxorubicin, Female, Hemolysis, Humans, Radiation-Sensitizing Agents, Zinc, Apoptosis, Cell Line, Tumor, Metal Nanoparticles, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
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