Nucleic Acid-Sensing Toll-like Receptors Are Essential for the Control of Endogenous Retrovirus Viremia and ERV-Induced Tumors
Open accessAbstract
The genome of vertebrates contains endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are largely nonfunctional relicts of ancestral germline infection by exogenous retroviruses. However, in some mouse strains ERVs are actively involved in disease. Here we report that nucleic acid-recognizing Toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 (TLR 3, TLR7, and TLR9) are essential for the control of ERVs. Loss of TLR7 function caused spontaneous retroviral viremia that coincided with the absence of ERV-specific antibodies. Importantly, additional TLR3 and TLR9 deficiency led to acute T cell lymphoblastic leukemia, underscoring a prominent role for TLR3 and TLR9 in surveillance of ERV-induced tumors. Experimental ERV infection induced a TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR9-dependent group of "acute-phase" genes previously described in HIV and SIV infections. Our study suggests that in addition to their role in innate immunity against exogenous pathogens, nucleic acid-recognizing TLRs contribute to the immune control of activated ERVs and ERV-induced tumors.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Congenital immunodeficiencies affecting antibody production invariably lead to spontaneous establishment of replication-competent pathogenic MLVs as a result of recombination between at least three replication-compromised proviruses.
“Indeed, congenital immunodeficiencies affecting antibody production invariably lead to the spontaneous establishment of replication-competent pathogenic MLVs as a result of recombination between at least three replication-compromised proviruses.”
From Are human endogenous retroviruses pathogenic? An approach to testing the hypothesis (2013) · cites this paper as [83]
Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that the frequency of recombination generating replication-competent retroviruses is increased considerably in certain types of immunodeficiency.
“However, recent studies in mice have demonstrated that this frequency is increased considerably in certain types of immunodeficiency 82,83.”
From Are human endogenous retroviruses pathogenic? An approach to testing the hypothesis (2013) · cites this paper as [83]
Cites
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491 · see citing works
Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88–dependent signaling pathway
Hemmi, H., Kaisho, T., Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Hoshino, K., Horiuchi, T., Tomizawa, H., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni758 · Cited by 2,517 · see citing works
Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin.
Kawai, T., Adachi, O., Ogawa, T., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80086-2 · Cited by 2,367 · see citing works
IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses
Honda, K., Yanai, H., Negishi, H., Asagiri, M., Sato, M., Mizutani, T., Shimada, N., Ohba, Y., Takaoka, A., Yoshida, N., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03464 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works
Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation
Gaudet, F., Hodgson, J. G., Eden, A., Jackson-Grusby, L., Dausman, J., Gray, J. W., Leonhardt, H., & Jaenisch, R. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083558 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
Intracellular Toll-like Receptors
Blasius, A. L., & Beutler, B. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.012 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Trex1 prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity
Stetson, D. B., Ko, J. S., Heidmann, T., & Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.032 · Cited by 1,280 · see citing works
Innate immunity to virus infection
Takeuchi, O., & Akira, S. (2008) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00737.x · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Embryonic stem cell potency fluctuates with endogenous retrovirus activity
Macfarlan, T. S., Gifford, W. D., Driscoll, S. P., Lettieri, K., Rowe, H. M., Bonanomi, D., Firth, A. L., Singer, O., Trono, D., & Pfaff, S. L. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11244 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors
Takaoka, A., Yanai, H., Kondo, S., Duncan, G. S., Negishi, H., Mizutani, T., Kano, S., Honda, K., Ohba, Y., Mak, T. W., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03308 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Toll-like receptor 3 promotes cross-priming to virus-infected cells
Schulz, O., Diebold, S. S., Chen, M., Näslund, T. I., Nolte, M. A., Alexopoulou, L., Azuma, Y., Flavell, R. A., Liljeström, P., & Sousa, C. R. E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03326 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Dendritic Cells Prime Natural Killer Cells by trans-Presenting Interleukin 15
Lucas, M., Schachterle, W., Oberle, K., Aichele, P., & Diefenbach, A. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.006 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology
Feschotte, C., & Gilbert, C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3199 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
ONCOGENES OF RNA TUMOR VIRUSES AS DETERMINANTS OF CANCER
Huebner, R. J., & Todaro, G. J. (1969) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.64.3.1087 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Tabeta, K., Hoebe, K. H. N., Janssen, E. M., Du, X., Georgel, P., Crozat, K., Mudd, S., Mann, N., Sovath, S., Goode, J., et al. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1297 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Yan, N., & Chen, Z. J. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2229 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Yan, N., Regalado-Magdos, A. D., Stiggelbout, B., Lee‐Kirsch, M. A., & Lieberman, J. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1941 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Thymoma production of T cell growth factor (Interleukin 2).
Farrar, J., Fuller-Farrar, J., Simon, P. L., Hilfiker, M. L., Stadler, B. M., & Farrar, W. L. (1980) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.125.6.2555 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The discovery of endogenous retroviruses
Weiss, R. A. (2006) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-67 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Mandl, J. N., Barry, A. P., Vanderford, T. H., Kozyr, N. L., Chavan, R., Klucking, S., Barrat, F. J., Coffman, R. L., Staprans, S. I., & Feinberg, M. B. (2008) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.1871 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Honda, K., Sakaguchi, S., Nakajima, C., Watanabe, A., Yanai, H., Matsumoto, M., Ohteki, T., Kaisho, T., Takaoka, A., Akira, S., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1934678100 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Howard, G., Eiges, R., Gaudet, F., Jaenisch, R., & Eden, A. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210631 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Dewannieux, M., Harper, F., Richaud, A., Letzelter, C., Ribet, D., Pierron, G., & Heidmann, T. (2006) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.5565706 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
A previously unidentified host protein protects retroviral DNA from autointegration
Lee, M. S., & Craigie, R. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1528 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Dynamic control of endogenous retroviruses during development
Rowe, H. M., & Trono, D. (2011) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.007 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Aster, J. C., Pear, W. S., & Blacklow, S. C. (2008) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154300 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Discovery and Optimization of a Natural HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor Targeting the gp41 Fusion Peptide
Münch, J., Ständker, L., Adermann, K., Schulz, A., Schindler, M., Chinnadurai, R., Pöhlmann, S., Chaipan, C., Biet, T., Peters, T., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.042 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Leukaemia disease genes: large-scale cloning and pathway predictions
Li, J., Shen, H., Himmel, K. L., Dupuy, A. J., Largaespada, D. A., Nakamura, T., Shaughnessy, J. D., Jenkins, N. A., & Copeland, N. G. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/15531 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Stocking, C., & Kozak, C. A. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8497-0 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Hodson, D. J., Janas, M. L., Galloway, A., Bell, S. E., Andrews, S., Li, C. M., Pannell, R., Siebel, C. W., MacDonald, H. R., Keersmaecker, K. D., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1901 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Structure of endogenous murine leukemia virus DNA in mouse genomes.
Chattopadhyay, S. K., Lander, M. R., Rands, E., & Lowy, D. R. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.10.5774 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Development of TLR inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune diseases
Barrat, F. J., & Coffman, R. L. (2008) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00630.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Host Restriction Factors Blocking Retroviral Replication
Wolf, D., & Goff, S. P. (2008) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091704 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Activation of host pattern recognition receptors by viruses
Brennan, K., & Bowie, A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Virological events leading to spontaneous AKR thymomas
Stoye, J. P., Moroni, C., & Coffin, J. M. (1991) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.65.3.1273-1285.1991 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Evans, L. H., Morrison, R. P., Malik, F., Portis, J. L., & Britt, W. J. (1990) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.64.12.6176-6183.1990 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Retroviral Genomic RNAs Are Transported to the Plasma Membrane by Endosomal Vesicles
Basyuk, E. I., Galli, T., Mougel, M., Blanchard, J., Sitbon, M., & Bertrand, É. (2003) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00188-6 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Nuclear pore proteins and cancer
Xu, S., & Powers, M. A. (2009) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.003 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Subversion of the innate immune system by a retrovirus
Jude, B. A., Pobezinskaya, E. L., Bishop, J. L., Parke, S., Medzhitov, R. M., Chervonsky, A. V., & Golovkina, T. V. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni926 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Beneficial and detrimental effects of human endogenous retroviruses
Kurth, R., & Bannert, N. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24902 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
HIV-1 Lentiviral Vector Immunogenicity Is Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7
Breckpot, K., Escors, D., Vargas, F. A., Lopes, L., Karwacz, K., Lint, S. V., Keyaerts, M., & Collins, M. K. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00014-10 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Role of APOBEC3 in Genetic Diversity among Endogenous Murine Leukemia Viruses
Jern, P., Stoye, J. P., & Coffin, J. M. (2005) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030183 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms mediated by human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in autoimmunity
Balada, E., Ordi‐Ros, J., & Vilardell‐Tarrés, M. (2009) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.622 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Intramolecular integration within Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA
Shoemaker, C. B., Hoffman, J., Goff, S. P., & Baltimore, D. (1981) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.40.1.164-172.1981 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
AUTOGENOUS IMMUNITY TO ENDOGENOUS RNA TUMOR VIRUS
Ihle, J. N., Hanna, M. G., Roberson, L. E., & Kenney, F. T. (1974) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.139.6.1568 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Impaired Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 signaling: from chronic viral infections to cancer
Hirsch, I., Caux, C., Hasan, U. A., Bendriss‐Vermare, N., & Olive, D. (2010) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2010.07.004 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Lowy, D. R., Chattopadhyay, S. K., Teich, N. M., Rowe, W. P., & Levine, A. S. (1974) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.71.9.3555 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Innate Immune Sensing of Retroviral Infection via Toll-like Receptor 7 Occurs upon Viral Entry
Kane, M., Case, L. K., Wang, C., Yurkovetskiy, L., Dikiy, S., & Golovkina, T. V. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Toll-like Receptor 7 Controls the Anti-Retroviral Germinal Center Response
Browne, E. P. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002293 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Germ-line reinsertions of AKR murine leukemia virus genomes in Akv-1 congenic mice.
Rowe, W. P., & Kozak, C. A. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.8.4871 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Molecular classification of T-cell lymphomas
de Leval, L., Bisig, B., Thielen, C., Boniver, J., & Gaulard, P. (2009) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.01.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Aaronson, S. A., & Stephenson, J. R. (1974) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.71.5.1957 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
ENDOGENOUS MOUSE LEUKEMIA VIRUSES
Risser, R., Horowitz, J. M., & McCubrey, J. A. (1983) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.000505 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Most Retroviral Recombinations Occur during Minus-Strand DNA Synthesis
Zhang, J., Tang, L., Li, T., Ma, Y., & Sapp, C. M. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.5.2313-2322.2000 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mechanism of Inhibition of Retrovirus Release from Cells by Interferon-Induced Gene ISG15
Kuang, Z., Seo, E. J., & Leis, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02610-10 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sequence and Insertion Sites of Murine Melanoma-Associated Retrovirus
Li, M., Huang, X., Zhu, Z., & Gorelik, E. (1999) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.73.11.9178-9186.1999 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
VIRUS PARTICLES IN THE THYMUS OF CONVENTIONAL AND GERM-FREE MICE
de Harven, É. (1964) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.120.5.857 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Myd88 Is Required for an Antibody Response to Retroviral Infection
Browne, E. P., & Littman, D. R. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000298 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Iannello, A., Boulassel, M., Samarani, S., Tremblay, C. L., Toma, E., Routy, J., & Ahmad, A. (2010) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/650314 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pothlichet, J., Mangeney, M., & Heidmann, T. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22066 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hayashi, H., Matsubara, H., Yokota, T., Kuwabara, I., Kanno, M., Koseki, H., Isono, K., ASANO, T., & Taniguchi, M. (1992) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.4.1223 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gaining a foothold: how HIV avoids innate immune recognition
Yan, N., & Lieberman, J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.11.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pothlichet, J., Heidmann, T., & Mangeney, M. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21935 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Plasma Proteomic Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques
Wiederin, J. L., Donahoe, R. M., Anderson, J. R., Yu, F., Fox, H. S., Gendelman, H. E., & Ciborowski, P. S. (2010) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr1004345 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Viral pathogenesis and immunity within the thymus
Gaulton, G. N. (1998) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/bf02786432 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lee, K.-H., Horiuchi, M., Itoh, T., Greenhalgh, D. G., & Cho, K. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-82 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
C-type virus protein p30 in blood from inbred mice correlates with their later incidence of leukemia
Nexø, B. A., & KROG, H.-H. (1977) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.15.2.376-381.1977 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Viewpoint on Emv2, the onlhy endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus of C57BL/6 mice
Kozak, C. A. (2012) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-25 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated with local immune cytolytic activity
Rooney, M. S., Shukla, S. A., Wu, C. J., Getz, G., & Hacohen, N. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.033 · Cited by 3,825 · see citing works
Microglial brain region-dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging
Grabert, K., Michoel, T., Karavolos, M. H., Clohisey, S., Baillie, J. K., Stevens, M. P., Freeman, T. C., Summers, K. M., & McColl, B. W. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4222 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Discriminating self from non-self in nucleic acid sensing
Schlee, M., & Hartmann, G. (2016) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.78 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
The Virome in Mammalian Physiology and Disease
Virgin, H. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.032 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retroviruses Are Ancient Acquired Elements Still Shaping Innate Immune Responses
Grandi, N., & Tramontano, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02039 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The Yin and Yang of Toll-like receptors in cancer
Pradère, J., Dapito, D. H., & Schwabe, R. F. (2013) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2013.302 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Hartmann, G. (2017) · Advances in Immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2016.11.001 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Immune responses to endogenous retroelements: taking the bad with the good
Kassiotis, G., & Stoye, J. P. (2016) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.27 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Innate immune detection of microbial nucleic acids
Gürtler, C., & Bowie, A. G. (2013) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.04.004 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Mammalian Endogenous Retroviruses
Mager, D. L., & Stoye, J. P. (2015) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.mdna3-0009-2014 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Endogenous Retroviruses and the Development of Cancer
Kassiotis, G. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302972 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
An RB-EZH2 Complex Mediates Silencing of Repetitive DNA Sequences
Ishak, C. A., Marshall, A. E., Passos, D. T., White, C. R., Kim, S. J., Cecchini, M. J., Ferwati, S., MacDonald, W. A., Howlett, C. J., Welch, I. D., et al. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.021 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
B Cell–Intrinsic TLR7 Signaling Is Essential for the Development of Spontaneous Germinal Centers
Soni, C., Wong, E. B., Domeier, P. P., Khan, T. N., Satoh, T., Akira, S., & Rahman, Z. S. M. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401720 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Defense genes missing from the flight division
Magor, K. E., Miranzo-Navarro, D., Barber, M. R. W., Petkau, K., Fleming-Canepa, X., Blyth, G. A. D., & Blaine, A. H. (2013) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.010 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
RNA:DNA hybrids are a novel molecular pattern sensed by TLR9
Rigby, R. E., Webb, L. M., Mackenzie, K. J., Li, Y., Leitch, A., Reijns, M. A. M., Lundie, R. J., Revuelta, A., Davidson, D. J., Diebold, S. S., et al. (2014) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/embj.201386117 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Whary, M. T., Baumgarth, N., Fox, J. G., & Barthold, S. W. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Endogenous retroviruses in the origins and treatment of cancer
Jansz, N., & Faulkner, G. J. (2021) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02357-4 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Translating nucleic acid-sensing pathways into therapies
Junt, T., & Barchet, W. (2015) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3875 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Endogenous retroviruses: acquisition, amplification and taming of genome invaders
Dewannieux, M., & Heidmann, T. (2013) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.005 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Activation of the innate immune response by endogenous retroviruses
Hurst, T. P., & Magiorkinis, G. (2014) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000017 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
HERVs New Role in Cancer: From Accused Perpetrators to Cheerful Protectors
Bannert, N., Hofmann, H., Block, A., & Höhn, O. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00178 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Antiviral Activities of Tetherin
Neil, S. J. D. (2013) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Mechanisms controlling nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors
Miyake, K., Shibata, T., Ohto, U., Shimizu, T., Saitoh, S.-I., Fukui, R., & Murakami, Y. (2018) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxy016 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
AIDS Alters the Commensal Plasma Virome
Li, L., Deng, X., Linsuwanon, P., Bangsberg, D. R., Bwana, M., Hunt, P., Martin, J. N., Deeks, S. G., & Delwart, E. (2013) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01839-13 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Molecular functions of human endogenous retroviruses in health and disease
Suntsova, M., Garazha, A., Ivanova, A., Kaminsky, D., Zhavoronkov, A. A., & Buzdin, A. A. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-1947-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
MyD88 and its divergent toll in carcinogenesis
Salcedo, R., Cataisson, C., Hasan, U. A., Yuspa, S. H., & Trinchieri, G. (2013) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2013.03.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-guarding of MORC3 enables virulence factor-triggered immunity
Gaidt, M. M., Morrow, A., Fairgrieve, M. R., Karr, J. P., Yosef, N., & Vance, R. E. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04054-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Are human endogenous retroviruses pathogenic? An approach to testing the hypothesis
Young, G. R., Stoye, J. P., & Kassiotis, G. (2013) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201300049 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“However, recent studies in mice have demonstrated that this frequency is increased considerably in certain types of immunodeficiency [82, 83].”
BackgroundLee, H., Komano, J. A., Saitoh, Y., Yamaoka, S., Kozaki, T., Misawa, T., Takahama, M., Satoh, T., Takeuchi, O., Yamamoto, N., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310604110 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Activation of the innate immune response by endogenous retroviruses
Hurst, T. P., & Magiorkinis, G. (2015) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.000017 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Activation of endogenous retroviruses during brain development causes an inflammatory response
Jönsson, M. E., Garza, R., Sharma, Y., Petri, R., Södersten, E., Johansson, J. G., Johansson, P. A., Atacho, D. A., Pircs, K., Madsen, S., et al. (2021) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2020106423 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements
Kassiotis, G. (2023) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-033341 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Lupus Susceptibility Locus Sgp3 Encodes the Suppressor of Endogenous Retrovirus Expression SNERV
Treger, R. S., Pope, S. D., Kong, Y., Tokuyama, M., Taura, M., & Iwasaki, A. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.022 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Deregulation of Retroelements as an Emerging Therapeutic Opportunity in Cancer
Ishak, C. A., Classon, M., & Carvalho, D. D. D. (2018) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2018.05.008 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Origins of the Endogenous and Infectious Laboratory Mouse Gammaretroviruses
Kozak, C. A. (2014) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v7010001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome: a model disease for systemic autoimmunity
Lee‐Kirsch, M. A., Wolf, C., & Günther, C. (2013) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12160 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Deconstructing the sex bias in allergy and autoimmunity: From sex hormones and beyond
Laffont, S., & Guéry, J. (2019) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2019.04.001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Making a virtue of necessity: the pleiotropic role of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer
Kassiotis, G., & Stoye, J. P. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0277 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Seya, T., Shime, H., Takeda, Y., Tatematsu, M., Takashima, K., & Matsumoto, M. (2015) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.12824 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Tokuyama, M., Gunn, B. M., Venkataraman, A., Kong, Y., Kang, I., Rakib, T., Townsend, M. J., Costenbader, K. H., Alter, G., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20191766 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Endogenous Retroviruses as Modulators of Innate Immunity
Russ, E. U., & Iordanskiy, S. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12020162 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chen, L., Li, Q., Su, J., Yang, C., Li, Y., & Rao, Y. (2013) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs): Shaping the Innate Immune Response in Cancers
Alcazer, V., Bonaventura, P., & Depil, S. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12030610 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Reactivation of Endogenous Retroelements in Cancer Development and Therapy
Ishak, C. A., & Carvalho, D. D. D. (2019) · Annual Review of Cancer Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033525 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Retroviral Infection
Browne, E. P. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111787 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Marston, J. L., Greenig, M., Singh, M., Bendall, M. L., Duarte, R. R. R., Feschotte, C., Iñiguez, L., & Nixon, D. F. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.147170 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
HERV ‐K( HML ‐2), a seemingly silent subtenant – but still waters run deep
Hanke, K., Höhn, O., & Bannert, N. (2016) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12475 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nelson, P. N., Roden, D., Nevill, A. M., Freimanis, G., Trela, M., Ejtehadi, H. D., Bowman, S., Axford, J. S., Veitch, A. M., Tugnet, N., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.130502 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
HERVs, immunity, and autoimmunity: understanding the connection
Greenig, M. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6711 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Endogenous Retroelements and the Host Innate Immune Sensors
Mu, X. N., Ahmad, S., & Hur, S. (2016) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2016.07.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Innate virus-sensing pathways in B cell systemic autoimmunity
Vinuesa, C. G., Grenov, A., & Kassiotis, G. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adg6427 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Endogenous retroviruses are associated with hippocampus-based memory impairment
Sankowski, R., Strohl, J. J., Huerta, T. S., Nasiri, E., Mazzarello, A. N., d’Abramo, C., Cheng, K. F., Staszewski, O., Prinz, M., Huerta, P. T., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1822164116 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Regulation of the tolerogenic function of steady‐state DCs
Probst, H. C., Muth, S., & Schild, H. (2014) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201343862 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reactivated endogenous retroviruses promote protein aggregate spreading
Liu, S., Heumüller, S.-E., Hossinger, A., Müller, S. A., Buravlova, O., Lichtenthaler, S. F., Denner, P., & Vorberg, I. M. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40632-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K and TDP-43 Expression Bridges ALS and HIV Neuropathology
Douville, R. N., & Nath, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01986 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gallou, S. L., Zhou, Z., Thai, L.-H., Fritzen, R., Aires, A. V. D. L., Megret, J., Yu, P., Kitamura, D., Bille, E., Tros, F., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20180977 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationToll-like receptor 3 regulates NK cell responses to cytokines and controls experimental metastasis
Guillerey, C., Chow, M. T., Miles, K. M., Olver, S. D., Sceneay, J., Takeda, K., Möller, A., & Smyth, M. J. (2015) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2015.1027468 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bonnin, M., Farés, N., Testoni, B., Estornes, Y., Weber, K., Vanbervliet, B., Lefrançois, L., Garcia, A. I., Kfoury, A., Pez, F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.031 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mikhalkevich, N., O’Carroll, I. P., Tkavc, R., Lund, K., Sukumar, G., Dalgard, C. L., Johnson, K. R., Li, W., Wang, T., Nath, A., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009305 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Colak, E., Leslie, A. J., Zausmer, K., Khatamzas, E., Kubarenko, A. V., Pichulik, T., Klimosch, S. N., Mayer, A., Siggs, O. M., Hector, A., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303058 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Xie, S., Wu, Q., Xu, M., Chen, L., Zhang, M., Yun, X., Wenke, S., Wu, H., Xiao-feng, Z., Chen, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.266 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Huber, M., Suprunenko, T., Ashhurst, T. M., Marbach, F., Raifer, H., Wolff, S., Strecker, T., Viengkhou, B., Jung, S. R., Obermann, H.-L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01219-17 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationDeficiency for SAMHD1 activates MDA5 in a cGAS/STING-dependent manner
Schumann, T., Ramon, S. C., Schubert, N., Mayo, M. A., Hega, M., Maser, K. I., Ada, S.-R., Sydow, L., Hajikazemi, M., Badstübner, M., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20220829 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLack of Trex1 Causes Systemic Autoimmunity despite the Presence of Antiretroviral Drugs
Achleitner, M., Kleefisch, M., Hennig, A., Peschke, K., Polikarpova, A., Oertel, R., Gabriel, B., Schulze, L., Lindeman, D., Gerbaulet, A., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700714 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the trained immunity era
Alexopoulou, L., & Irla, M. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106443 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Germinal centers and autoimmune disease in humans and mice
DeFranco, A. L. (2016) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2016.78 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Chen, S., Hu, X., Cui, I. H., Wu, S., Dou, C., Liu, Y., Sun, Z., Xue, S., Geng, T., Liu, Z., et al. (2019) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104571 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Human Endogenous Retrovirus Reactivation: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy
Petrizzo, A., Ragone, C., Cavalluzzo, B., Mauriello, A., Manolio, C., Tagliamonte, M., & Buonaguro, L. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13091999 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Eradication of HIV and Cure of AIDS, Now and How?
Zhang, J., & Crumpacker, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00337 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Strick, R., Strissel, P. L., Baylin, S. B., & Chiappinelli, K. B. (2015) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2015.1122160 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Endogenous retrovirus induces leukemia in a xenograft mouse model for primary myelofibrosis
Triviai, I., Ziegler, M., Bergholz, U., Oler, A. J., Stübig, T., Prassolov, V., Fehse, B., Kozak, C. A., Kröger, N. M., & Stocking, C. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1401215111 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The germinal center antibody response in health and disease
DeFranco, A. L. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.7717.1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Licastro, F., & Porcellini, E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147263 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Monocytes are the main source of STING-mediated IFN-α production
Congy‐Jolivet, N., Cénac, C., Dellacasagrande, J., Puissant‐Lubrano, B., Apoil, P. A., Guedj, K., Abbas, F., Laffont, S., Sourdet, S., Guyonnet, S., et al. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104047 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Role of Immune Factors in Shaping Fetal Neurodevelopment
Lu-Culligan, A., & Iwasaki, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-021120-033518 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Natoli, M., Gallon, J., Lu, H., Amgheib, A., Pinato, D. J., Mauri, F. A., Marafioti, T., Akarca, A. U., Ullmo, I., Ip, J., et al. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001519 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mucosal Immunity and the Gut-Microbiota-Brain-Axis in Neuroimmune Disease
Sterling, K. G., Dodd, G. K., Alhamdi, S., Asimenios, P. G., Dagda, R. K., Meirleir, K. L. D., Hudig, D., & Lombardi, V. C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232113328 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Retrotransposons are co-opted to activate hematopoietic stem cells and erythropoiesis
Phan, J., Chen, B., Zhao, Z., Allies, G., Iannaccone, A., Paul, A., Cansiz, F., Spina, A., Leven, A., Gellhaus, A., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ado6836 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
5-Azacytidine Potentiates Anti-tumor Immunity in a Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Ebelt, N., Zuniga, E., Johnson, B., Diamond, D., & Manuel, E. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00538 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xia, J., Winkelmann, E., Gorder, S. R., Mason, P. W., & Milligan, G. N. (2013) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01469-13 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Multiple invasions of an infectious retrovirus in cat genomes
Shimode, S., Nakagawa, S., & Miyazawa, T. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08164 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The potential role of retroviruses in autoimmunity
Yu, P. (2015) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12371 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationStem cell activity-coupled suppression of endogenous retrovirus governs adult tissue regeneration
Lyu, Y., Kim, S., Humphrey, E., Nayak, R., Guan, Y., Liang, Q., Kim, K. H., Tan, Y., Dou, J., Sun, H., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Small RNA and Toll-like receptor interactions: origins and disease mechanisms
Yu, J., Zhang, X., Cai, C., Zhou, T., & Chen, Q. (2025) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2025.01.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of the Toll-Like Receptor 3 Pathway in Endosomal Signaling
Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Tatematsu, M., Azuma, M., & Seya, T. (2014) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00010-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Spontaneous activation of RNA-sensing pathways in autoimmune disease
Crampton, S. P., & Bolland, S. M. (2013) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.011 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tang, D., Li, Z., Mahmood, T., Liu, D., Hu, Y., & Guo, Y. (2020) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.029 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kawabe, T., Yi, J., Kawajiri, A., Hilligan, K. L., Fang, D., Ishii, N., Yamane, H., Zhu, J., Jankovic, D. L., Kim, K. S., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17136-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Methamphetamine Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor 9-Mediated Anti-HIV Activity in Macrophages
Cen, P., Li, Y., Su, Q.-J., Wang, X., Li, J., Lin, X.-Q., Liang, H., & Ho, W. (2013) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2012.0264 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sriram, U., Xu, J., Chain, R. W., Varghese, L., Chakhtoura, M., Bennett, H., Zoltick, P. W., & Gallucci, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087668 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Restoration of Endogenous Retrovirus Infectivity Impacts Mouse Cancer Models
Ottina, E., Lévy, P., Eksmond, U., Merkenschlager, J., Young, G. R., Roels, J., Stoye, J. P., Tüting, T., Calado, D. P., & Kassiotis, G. (2018) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0038 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
T-bet+ B cells are activated by and control endogenous retroviruses through TLR-dependent mechanisms
Rauch, E., Amendt, T., Krol, A. L., Lang, F. B., Linse, V., Hohmann, M., Keim, A.-C., Kreutzer, S., Kawengian, K. J., Buchholz, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45201-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationYin and yang of tumor inflammation: How innate immune suppressors shape the tumor microenvironments
Jinushi, M. (2013) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28626 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Human APOBEC3G Prevents Emergence of Infectious Endogenous Retrovirus in Mice
Treger, R. S., Tokuyama, M., Dong, H., Salas-Briceno, K., Ross, S. R., Kong, Y., & Iwasaki, A. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00728-19 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Characterization of feline ASCT1 and ASCT2 as RD-114 virus receptor
Shimode, S., Nakaoka, R., Shogen, H., & Miyazawa, T. (2013) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.052928-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hu, X., Zhu, W., Chen, S., Liu, Y., Sun, Z., Geng, T., Song, C., Gao, B., Wang, X., Qin, A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-016-3086-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Type I IFN-dependent antibody response at the basis of sex dimorphism in the outcome of COVID-19
Gabriele, L., Fragale, A., Romagnoli, G., Parlato, S., Lapenta, C., Santini, S. M., Ozato, K., & Capone, I. (2020) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.10.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Barnault, R., Verzeroli, C., Fournier, C., Michelet, M., Redavid, A. R., Chicherova, I., Plissonnier, M., Adrait, A., Khomich, O. A., Chapus, F., et al. (2022) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.32446 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Ngo, M. H., Wulandari, S., Shimojima, M., Nakagawa, S., Kawasaki, J., & Nishigaki, K. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2114441119 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Combination antiretroviral studies for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Lytvyak, E. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.349 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yu, P., Lübben, W., Slomka, H., Gebler, J., Konert, M., Cai, C., Neubrandt, L., Prazeres da Costa, O., Paul, S., Dehnert, S., Döhne, K., Thanisch, M., Storsberg, S., Wiegand, L., Kaufmann, A., Nain, M., Quintanilla-Martinez, L., Bettio, S., Schnierle, B., Kolesnikova, L., Becker, S., Schnare, M., & Bauer, S.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Paul Ehrlich Institut (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Philipp
- Bauer, Stefan
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 867-879
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028917545
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 685, SFB‐TR84)
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Keywords
- endogenous retroviruses, Toll-like receptors, TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, innate immunity, retroviral reactivation, retroviral infection, mouse strains
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Cell Line, Immunity, Innate, Killer Cells, Natural, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nucleic Acids, Oncogenes, Viremia, Endogenous Retroviruses, Toll-Like Receptors, Mice, Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
