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Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells
Open accessAbstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells constitute a recently identified lymphocyte lineage that occupies tissues without recirculating. They provide a first response against infections reencountered at body surfaces, where they accelerate pathogen clearance. Because Trm cells are not present within peripheral blood, they have not yet been well characterized, but are transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct from recirculating central and effector memory T cells. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of Trm cell ontogeny, regulation, maintenance, and function and will highlight technical considerations for studying this population.
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“These Trm are specially programmed to persist in their host tissues [249, 250].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [249]
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BackgroundLymphocyte Homing and Homeostasis
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“S1PR1 downregulation is concomitantly associated with cell surface expression of the C-type lectin CD69 (Cyster and Schwab, 2012; Matloubian et al., 2004; Schober et al., 1999; Shiow et al., 2006; Skon et al., 2013).”
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“Similarly, dendritic cells upregulate CCR7 after activation in tissues, which then acts in concert with S1PR1 to promote migration to downstream SLOs (Braun et al., 2011; Czeloth et al., 2005; Lamana et al., 2011; Ohl et al., 2004; Saeki et al., 1999).”
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BackgroundInfluential
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“Tissue-resident memory T-cells (TRM) have been extensively studied in recent years (Schenkel and Masopust, 2014).”
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Saha, D., Dutta, P., & Chakraborty, A. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14121731 · Cited by 3
“The localized nature of TRM cells makes them attractive for targeted delivery approaches that minimize systemic immunosuppression [162].”
Epidermal resident memory T cell fitness requires antigen encounter in the skin
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“T RM cells, regulated by cellular interactions and chemokines such as CD103 ( Itgae ) and CXCR6, exhibit transcriptional heterogeneity, with a subset characterized by high expression of effector molecules like granzyme B and interferon-γ [ 10–13 ].”
Meningioma microenvironment harbors a rich immune landscape that evolves with biological state
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“TRM identity, persistence and rapid effector capacity are maintained by transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms involving Runx3, Hobit, Blimp-1, chromatin accessibility, histone modi fi cations, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs (3, 5, 74).”
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“Lung T RM cells cannot be solely identified by the expression of (a combination of) CD49a, CD69, and CD103 as some T RM cells have been described to be negative for these markers [56,57].”
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BackgroundAge-Specific T Cell Homeostasis
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“208 They are stably present in the peripheral tissues where they are crucial for rapidly restricting patho-gen replication (especially intracellular virus replication).”
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“13 Therefore, deciphering TRMs in organs allows us to understand the local adaptive immune priority.”
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“Memory T RM cells, essential for providing frontline defense at potential sites of pathogen entry or replication [75, 76], were extensively characterized in both secondary lymphoid organ spleen and the liver, a critical site for malaria parasite development.”
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“T cells that are tissue-resident memory cells are like “ sentinels ” permanently stationed within the tissues, constantly monitoring the changes in antigens in the mucosal tissues (121).”
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“They have been found in almost every non-lymphoid tissue, such as skin, lungs, intestine, reproductive tract, liver, kidneys, salivary glands, and brain (5 – 7, 23”
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“…where data remain limited, on H2N3-specific T cell immunity, including findings from preclinical models, epitope discovery efforts, cross-reactive recognition across influenza A subtypes, and long-term immune memory in H2-exposed human cohorts (Mettelman et al. 2023, Schenkel and Masopust 2014).”
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Resident T cells stand up to HIV
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“Rather, CD69 tended to be coexpressed with select integrins including CD103, another marker commonly used to identify TRMs (1), and some chemokine receptors including CXCR5, which directs cells to LN follicles.”
BackgroundLefevre, M.-A., Nicolas, J., Vocanson, M., & Nosbaum, A. (2020) · Revue française d'allergologie · doi:10.1016/j.reval.2020.10.003 · Cited by 2
Shi, L., Zhang, C., Liu, L., Xi, Z., & Chen, M. (2022) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/7729136 · Cited by 1
“Based on memory T cell migration patterns, memory T cells are classified into recirculating memory T-cell population such as effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) cells, and the nonrecirculating T-cell population such as tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells that are retained in peripheral tissues without recirc…”
BackgroundBeneficial and Detrimental Manifestations of Age on CD8 + T Cell Memory to Respiratory Pathogens
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Alt-RNAtive vaccines elicit anti-malarial TRM cells
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Myeloid derived suppressor cells potentiate virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell response
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Head-to-head comparison of nuclear imaging approaches to quantify tumor CD8+ T-cell infiltration
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Multilayered T-cell memory in human skin.
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IMMUNE STATUS OF CERVICAL CARCINOMA PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT WITH DENDRITIC VACCINE
Menshenina, A. P., Zlatnik, E. Y., Moiseenko, T., Frantsiyants, E. M., Novikova, I. A., Verenikina, E. V., Sagakyants, A. B., Bondarenko, E. S., & Shulgina, O. G. (2018) · Современные проблемы науки и образования · doi:10.17513/spno.28349 · Cited by 1
Warp Speed Ahead! Technology-Driven Breakthroughs in Skin Immunity and Inflammatory Disease
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“, 2012), in vivo cell transfer experiments (Schenkel and Masopust, 2014), and downstream tissue and cell-specific genomic analysis (Cheng et al.”
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“into TRM cells to provide accelerated pathogen clearance upon reencounter (38).”
BackgroundAge-Specific T Cell Homeostasis
Bourgeois, C., & Sauce, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_81 · Cited by 1
Daferera, N., Nyström, S. N., Hjortswang, H., Ignatova, S., Jenmalm, M. C., Ström, M., & Münch, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.981740 · Cited by 1
“Age, mean (range) 61 (60–71) 57 (27–86) 59 (27–86) 52 (25-75)”
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The generation and differentiation of memory CD8 T cell responses in health and disease
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Targeted BRAF inhibitors: Immunological effects and combination with immunotherapy
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CD4 T Cell Immunity to Viral Infection
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Quantifying memory CD8 T cell-mediated immune pressure on influenza A virus infection in vivoPreprint
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“Memory CD8 T cells are categorized into central (TCM), effector (TEM), and tissue-resident (TRM), according to their ability to circulate between secondary lymphoid organs, blood, and peripheral tissues [11-13].”
BackgroundInfluence of Age on Functional Memory T Cell DiversityPreprint
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Lymphocyte Biology and Functions
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mRNA Vaccines: A Prospective Analysis of Long-term, Multi-target, and Autoimmune DisordersPreprint
Niazi, S. K. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1981.v1
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Epidermal Resident Memory T Cell Fitness Requires Antigen Encounter in the SkinPreprint
Weiss, E. S., Hirai, T., Li, H., Liu, A. W., Baker, S., Magill, I., Gillis, J. E., Zhang, Y. R., Ramcke, T., Kurihara, K., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.107096.1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTissue-specific clonal selection and differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells during infectionPreprint
Parsa, R., de Assis, H. C., Castro, T. B. R., dos Reis, G. L., Sushil, A., Hartweger, H., Bilate, A. M. B., & Mucida, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672130 · Cited by 1
The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons
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ENHANCEMENT OF HIV PERSISTENCE BY ADIPOSE TISSUE
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schenkel, J. M., & Masopust, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Masopust, David
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 886-897
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4276131
- OpenAlex
- W2046700010
- Cited by
- 1,059
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI084913, R01AI111671, R37AI084913, T32AI007313)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (F30DK100159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- tissue-resident memory T cells, mucosal immunity, memory T cell differentiation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Humans, Immunity, Immunologic Memory, T-Lymphocytes, T-Lymphocyte Subsets
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