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The P2X7 Receptor in Infection and Inflammation
Open accessAbstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. Effects of extracellular ATP are mediated by plasma membrane receptors named P2 receptors (P2Rs). The P2R most involved in inflammation and immunity is the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), expressed by virtually all cells of innate and adaptive immunity. P2X7R mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cytokine and chemokine release, T lymphocyte survival and differentiation, transcription factor activation, and cell death. Ten human P2RX7 gene splice variants and several SNPs that produce complex haplotypes are known. The P2X7R is a potent stimulant of inflammation and immunity and a promoter of cancer cell growth. This makes P2X7R an appealing target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapy. However, an in-depth knowledge of its structure and of the associated signal transduction mechanisms is needed for an effective therapeutic development.
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In the citing paper
“P2X7, which is widely expressed by immune cells, is the most studied purinergic receptors involved in neurodegeneration.374,375”
From Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development (2023) · cites this paper as [374]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors is closely related to inflammatory processes since they are stimulated by ATP released from distressed cells and induce inflammasome activation [16–18].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“In these circumstances, ATP may act as DAMP, which activates the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB resulting in expression upregulation of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 and the NLRP3 protein [16, 71].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Consequently, there is an activation of caspase-1 and maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine release [16, 20, 52, 71, 73].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The P2X7 receptor is a major activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome in several cell types [16], including macrophages and microglial cells [72, 74–76].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“In fact, the role of P2X7 receptor as a modulator of inflammatory response is well-established [16, 70].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The massive ATP release following lung mononuclear phagocytes invasion by SARS-CoV-2 can activate P2X7 receptors of antigen-presenting cells and macrophages, increasing cytokine, chemokine and ATP secretion [16].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“As discussed by Di Virgilio et al. [106], many processes associated with lung impairment, as seen in COVID-19 patients, are mediated by P2X7 receptors [16].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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“In higher mammals, the nucleotide receptor family comprises two subfamilies, P2X and P2Y receptors [2].”
P2X receptors in immune cells: key regulators of inflammation and immune function
Adinolfi, E., Falzoni, S., Fortuna, F., Ricci, L., Ruo, L., Grignolo, M., Giuliani, A. L., & Pegoraro, A. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.110976 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPurinergic signaling and cancer neuroscience
Hu, J.-Q., Zhou, X., Qing-ling, R., & Han, Y. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111048 · Cited by 2
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“…purinergic dysregulation and the AK/AMPK system, extracellular ATP has been reported to influence inflammatory responses and mitochondrial function through purinergic receptors, particularly the P2X7 receptor, and these processes are closely linked to intracellular metabolic state [120–123].”
Ruoting, Y., Lei, J., Yuhao, L., Zemin, F., & Wei, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1864492 · Cited by 2
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Calcium signaling in microglial immune functions: current understanding and implications for disease
Lifton, A. R., DeMeulenaere, K. E., & Prakriya, M. (2026) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2026.102819 · Cited by 2
Le récepteur P2X7, une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans la maladie d’Alzheimer
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Flow Cytometry of Membrane Purinoreceptors
Schwarz, N., Junge, M., Haag, F., & Koch‐Nolte, F. (2019) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_8 · Cited by 2
Okada, T., Taira, H., & Kimura, T. (2022) · Venoms and Toxins · doi:10.2174/2666121702666220429095250 · Cited by 2
The inflammatory process at the cellular level
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“The P2X 7 receptor is expressed in a variety of bone marrow-derived and tissue-resident immune cells as several subtypes of T-lymphocytes, mast cells, monocytes, and neutrophils (for review, see Di Virgilio et al., 2017; Pelegrin, 2021).”
BackgroundOrimoto, A., Kitamura, C., & Ono, K. (2024) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.12120 · Cited by 2
“Signaling from P2 ‐ receptors, particularly P2X7, has been reported to play an important role in regulating the inflammation response (Di Virgilio et al., 2017; Kanjanamekanant et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCould P2X7 receptor be a potencial target in neonatal sepsis?
Fialho, S., Trieu‐Cuot, P., Ferreira, P., & Oliveira, L. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112969 · Cited by 2
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“…is then assembled in response to a variety of signals, including increased oxidative stress and elevated potassium ion (K + ) efflux due to increased purinergic signaling through the P2X7 receptor (Di Virgilio et al. 2017; Swanson et al. 2019; Zielinski et al. 2019; Zielinski and Gibbons 2022).”
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Trends in Research on the P2X7 Receptor: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis
Ren, C., Zhang, J., Yang, T., Wang, Y., Song, X., Wang, H., Liu, W., Mou, Y., & Song, X. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s522380 · Cited by 2
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Pislyagin, Е. А., Kozlovskiy, S., Агафонова, И. Г., Menchinskaya, E. S., Chingizova, E. A., Gorpenchenko, T. Y., Mirochnik, A. G., Fedorenko, E. V., Sabutski, Y. E., Полоник, С. Г., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178639 · Cited by 2
“In the cell images obtained using confocal microscopy, bright fluorescent aggregates filling the space of the cell cytoplasm are clearly visible (Figures 7 and 8).”
InfluentialP2X receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database
Virgilio, F. D., Evans, R. J., Falzoni, S., Jarvis, M. F., Kennedy, C., Khakh, B. S., King, B. F., Pellegatti, P., & Peters, J. A. (2019) · IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE · doi:10.2218/gtopdb/f77/2019.4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAdenosine Triphosphate, Polymyxin B and B16 Cell-Derived Immunization Induce Anticancer Response
Barrera‐Avalos, C., Mena, J., López, X., Cappelli, C., Neira-Peña, T., Imarai, M., Fernández, R., Robles-Planells, C., Rojo, L. E., Milla, L. A., et al. (2021) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt-2020-0209 · Cited by 2
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Role of caspases, apoptosis and additional factors in pathology of Alzheimer's disease
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Immunofluorescence Staining of P2X7 Receptors in Whole-Mount Myenteric Plexus Preparations
Jooss, T., Kuch, B., Zhang, J., Schemann, M., & Nicke, A. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2384-8_8 · Cited by 2
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“The high concentration of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced at inflammatory sites could activate the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) [19], and P2X7R and ATP could collaboratively activate the pannexin-1 channel to promote transcription of NLRP3 mRNA [20].”
BackgroundSun, Z., Gao, Q., Wei, Y., Zhou, Z., Chen, Y., Xu, C., Gao, J., & Liu, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181067 · Cited by 2
The role of the purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor in common digestive system cancers
Wang, X., Yu, Q., Bai, X., Li, X., Sun, Y., Peng, X., & Zhao, R. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000851 · Cited by 2
“It consists of 13 exons and encodes 595 amino acids, containing 10 splicing variants (P2X7A-J) (Di Virgilio et al ., 2017b).”
BackgroundPurinergic ligands induce extracellular acidification and increased ATP turnover in HepG2 cells
Chen, H., Han, Y., Hearne, A., Monarchino, A., & Wiseman, J. S. (2024) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105788 · Cited by 2
A rationale for targeting the P2X7 receptor in Coronavirus disease 19 (Covid-19)Preprint
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Di Virgilio, F., Dal Ben, D., Sarti, A. C., Giuliani, A. L., & Falzoni, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-31
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2737555531
- Cited by
- 1,267
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Unicam Scientific Publications (University of Camerino) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Italian Association for Cancer Research (IG 13025, IG 18581)
- Telethon of Italy (GGP06070)
- ERA-NET Neuron Joint Transnational Project “Nanostroke,” the Ministry of Health of Italy (RF-2011-02348435)
- Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (RBAP11FXBC_001)
- University of Ferrara
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- P2X7 receptor, extracellular ATP, purinergic receptors, NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammation, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, cytokine and chemokine secretion, single nucleotide polymorphisms, cancer, anti-inflammatory therapy, cancer therapy, signal transduction, receptor structure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Infections, Inflammation, Macrophages, T-Lymphocytes, Receptors, Purinergic P2X7, Inflammasomes, Purinergic P2X Receptor Agonists
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