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Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life
Open accessAbstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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“Younger patients may be more capable of mounting the interferondriven, anti-viral innate response critical to GTAU and developing robust adaptive immunity compared to adults and the elderly (Kumar et al., 2018; Yoshida et al., 2022).”
From Gene Therapy-Associated Uveitis (GTAU): Understanding and mitigating the adverse immune response in retinal gene therapy (2025) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2018
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“Trm do not express other putative activation markers, such as CD25, CD137, CD38, or HLA-DR [244, 253, 258, 264].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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“Tregs are present throughout the human body and their abundance in circulation and tissues is age dependent [264, 359].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
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“T cells must home to secondary lymph organs (SLO), including the spleen and lymph nodes, to survey antigens and protect the body from pathogen invasion (Freitas and Rocha 1999; Nolz et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2018).”
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“Resting T cells differentiate upon stimulation into distinct T cell subpopulations including, amongst others, effector T cells (Teffs), which primarily consist of CD4+ helper T cells (Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells), CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) (for review, see [44]).”
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“T cells are essential for the development and maintenance of homeostasis, immune responses, and memory [116].”
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“In the spleen, CD4 + T cells can receive external signals and differentiate into different subsets, such as Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells (Kumar et al., 2018; Milanez-Almeida et al., 2015).”
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“Finally, the focus of this review is on Trm cells in the MFI, and we would like to refer to recent reviews that provide a more detailed overview of the current Trm literature [52,53].”
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“Although T lymphocytes coordinate and maintain immune memory and self-tolerance, they are also associated with inflammation and autoimmune diseases 24,25 .”
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“These T lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing antigens that come from either pathogens, tumors, or the environment (Kumar et al., 2018).”
BackgroundManagement of allergy transfer upon solid organ transplantation
Müller, Y. D., Vionnet, J., Beyeler, F., Eigenmann, P., Caubet, J., Villard, J., Berney, T., Scherer, K., Spertini, F., Fricker, M., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.15601 · Cited by 11
Extracellular Vesicles and Immune System in Ageing and Immune Diseases
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“Also, DCs can induce naïve and memory B cell activation and support differentiation activated naïve B cells to plasma cells [71].”
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The effect of chemotaxis on T-cell regulatory dynamics
Dallaston, M. C., Birtles, G., Araujo, R. P., & Jenner, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-023-02017-0 · Cited by 10
“The establishment and maintenance of the immune response depends heavily on T-cells (Kumar et al. 2018), in particular effector T-cells and regulatory T-cells.”
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“Role of T cells and dendritic cells in the development of in paradoxical adverse events [39].”
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“When encountering antigenic peptides presented in the context of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, naïve CD8 + T cells undergo cellular division, resulting in effector and memory T cells [55, 56].”
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“Progenitor T lymphoid cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus for further development process [28], including T cell receptor ( TCR ) rearrangement and positive and negative selection [29, 30].”
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“…of their cognate antigen, Trms use their sensing and alarm function to produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that rapidly recruit and activate other immune cells, thereby potentiating the tissue immune response while also executing their specific effector and cytotoxic functions (32–35).”
Sun, F., Gao, X., Li, T., Zhao, X., & Zhu, Y. (2025) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2025.189350 · Cited by 13
Cell‐Type‐Specific Autophagy in Human Leukocytes
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Krüppel-like factor 4 control of immune cell function
Das, T., Wang, E., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Liao, X., & Jain, M. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1597210 · Cited by 10
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“Introduction T lymphocytes (also called T cells) have many functions, including the establishment and maintenance of immune responses, homeostasis, and memory in human body [1].”
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“These cells play the main roles in immune responses: DCs process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to stimulate T cells [2]; macrophages play a critical role in the nonspecific defense response, facilitating the initiation of specific defense mechanisms by recruiting other immune cells [3, 4], and ly…”
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Impact of lymphopenia on efficacy of nivolumab in head and neck cancer patients
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TCR_Explore: A novel webtool for T cell receptor repertoire analysis
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Immunotherapy as a Treatment for Stroke: Utilizing Regulatory T Cells
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The role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function
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Specific MiRNAs in naïve T cells associated with Hepatitis C Virus-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Immune Responses against Disseminated Tumor Cells
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“T cells encompass complicated subsets that take part in lymphomagenesis, including memory T cells, Tregs, and naive T cells [45].”
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The Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses: From Start to Memory
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“Research has shown that the functional inactivation of tumor-reactive T cells may be an important mechanism to escape tumor immunity [33].”
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Thymic T-Cell Production Is Associated With Changes in the Gut Microbiota in Young Chicks
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“It is well established that T cells orchestrate and amplify the immune response by secreting inflammatory cytokines and by recruiting other immune cells at the site of inflammation through various chemokines release [26,68,69], and targeting T cells may represent a therapeutic strategy for diseases that share chronic…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kumar, B. V., Connors, T. J., & Farber, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Connors, Thomas J.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 202-213
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5826622
- OpenAlex
- W2789026035
- Cited by
- 1,257
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 213 · 2023: 207 · 2022: 233 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (AI106697, AI128949)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- T cell development, T cell localization, T cell subsets, immunosenescence, tissue localization, immune homeostasis, adaptive immunity, age-related changes, T cell immunity, vaccines, immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory, T-Lymphocytes, Tissue Distribution, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Lymphopoiesis, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Adaptive Immunity
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