The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life
Open accessAbstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Younger patients may be more capable of mounting the interferondriven, anti-viral innate response critical to GTAU and developing robust adaptive immunity compared to adults and the elderly (Kumar et al., 2018; Yoshida et al., 2022).”
From Gene Therapy-Associated Uveitis (GTAU): Understanding and mitigating the adverse immune response in retinal gene therapy (2025) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Trm do not express other putative activation markers, such as CD25, CD137, CD38, or HLA-DR [244, 253, 258, 264].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Tregs are present throughout the human body and their abundance in circulation and tissues is age dependent [264, 359].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [264]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Control of Regulatory T Cell Development by the Transcription Factor Foxp3
Hori, S., Nomura, T., & Sakaguchi, S. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079490 · Cited by 8,187
Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions
Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Förster, R., Lipp, M., & Lanzavecchia, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44385 · Cited by 5,846 · cited 4×
“Functionally, both Tcm and Tem cells are both capable of producing IL-2 and effector cytokines upon stimulation; however, Tcm cells exhibit lymphoid homing profiles, and high proliferative capacity, while Tem cells produce more effector cytokines (Gattinoni et al., 2011; Sallusto et al., 1999; Willinger et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, J., Adoro, S., Guinter, T. I., Erman, B., Alag, A., Catálfamo, M., Kimura, M. Y., Cui, Y., Lucas, P. J., Gress, R. E., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1840 · Cited by 5,835
Sakaguchi, S., Sakaguchi, N., Asano, M., Itoh, M., & Toda, M. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.3.1151 · Cited by 5,608 · cited 2×
“, 1982), due to defects in development of both naïve T cells and Treg cells, respectively (Sakaguchi et al., 1995).”
BackgroundThe Role of Tumoral FOXP3 on Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Gastric Cancer
Zhang, L., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Huang, X., & Xu, Z. (2017) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000479442 · Cited by 4,090
Bennett, C. L., Christie, J., Ramsdell, F., Brunkow, M., Ferguson, P., Whitesell, L., Kelly, T., Saulsbury, F., Chance, P., & Ochs, H. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/83713 · Cited by 3,576
Feuerer, M., Herrero, L., Cipolletta, D., Naaz, A., Wong, J., Nayer, A., Lee, J., Goldfine, A. B., Benoist, C., Shoelson, S., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2002 · Cited by 2,145
A human memory T cell subset with stem cell–like properties
Gattinoni, L., Lugli, E., Ji, Y., Pos, Z., Paulos, C. M., Quigley, M. F., Almeida, J. R., Gostick, E., Yu, Z., Carpenito, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2446 · Cited by 1,974 · cited 5×
“Memory T cells represent a major circulating population in human blood and are subdivided based on phenotype into central memory (Tcm, CD45RA−CCR7+), effector-memory (Tem, CD45RA−CCR7−), and stem-cell memory (Tscm, CD45RA+CCR7+CD95+CD122+) T cells (Gattinoni et al., 2011; Sallusto et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialPreferential Localization of Effector Memory Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue
Masopust, D., Vezys, V., Marzo, A. L., & Lefrançois, L. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058867 · Cited by 1,952 · cited 2×
“…infection models of heterogeneous tissue distribution of memory T cells and distinct features of T cells in specific sites (Bingaman et al., 2005; Masopust et al., 2001; Masopust et al., 2004) suggested that circulating T cells in humans may not be representative of their counterparts in tissues.”
BackgroundChanges in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection
Douek, D. C., McFarland, R. D., Keiser, P. H., Gage, E. A., Massey, J. M., Haynes, B. F., Polis, M. A., Haase, A. T., Feinberg, M. B., Sullivan#, J. L., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25374 · Cited by 1,893
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
Transcriptional regulatory logic orchestrating lymphoid and myeloid cell fate decisions
Godini, R., Yan, J., & Chopin, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1544483 · Cited by 5
Gutiérrez-Ontalvilla, P., Rojas, A. G., Iborra, M., Canikyan, S., Kul, Y., Duyan, C., & Codoñer‐Franch, P. (2025) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal · doi:10.1093/asj/sjaf148 · Cited by 4
Hyporesponsive fetus-specific T cell responses in multiparous human pregnancy
Morgan, J. C., Hynes, G. E., Pollard, J. M., Andrade, M. S., Jeong, J. C., & Chong, A. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1634430 · Cited by 4
“Unlike mice that are maintained in speci fi c pathogen free facilities and have a limited repertoire of memory alloreactive T cells, humans accumulate an increasing repertoire of memory alloreactive T cells with age, primarily through heterologous immunity in healthy individuals (15, 16, 28).”
Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhou, B.-H., Tian, E., Tian, W., & Wang, H. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112200 · Cited by 4
Nuclear Imaging of Endogenous Markers of Lymphocyte Response
Alam, I. S., Shaffer, T. M., & Gambhir, S. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81261-4_2 · Cited by 4
A Notch/IL-21 signaling axis primes bone marrow T cell progenitor expansion
Sottoriva, K., Paik, N. Y., White, Z., Bandara, T., Shao, L., Sano, T., & Pajcini, K. V. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.157015 · Cited by 5
Tregs tango with killer cells in acute infection
Sun, X., & Chi, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2202400119 · Cited by 4
“During chronic infection, limiting Treg cell number boosts immune responses mediated by CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs), leading to improved control of the infection (3, 4).”
BackgroundInfluentialListening in on Multicellular Communication in Human Tissue Immunology
Albers, J. J., & Pelka, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.884185 · Cited by 5
Checkpoint inhibitors are a basic science‐based, transformative new treatment for lung cancer
Miller, A. (2022) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.14437 · Cited by 4
“The presence of the TAA on major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules, along with appropriate co-stimulatory molecules primes naïve T cells to mount a response against the non-self threat.(20) Indeed, the presence of tumour-infiltrating mature DCs has been associated with a better prognosis in lung cancer.”
BackgroundZoghi, S., Masoumi, F., & Rezaei, N. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00005-0 · Cited by 5
Causal associations of immune cell phenotypes with migraine: A mendelian randomization study
Chai, W., Chai, W., & Guo, F. (2024) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1177/17448069241274679 · Cited by 4
“54 CM DN (CD4 (cid:1) CD8 (cid:1) ) T cells, also known as double-negative (DN) T cells, constitute a population with regulatory T cell (Treg) functions.”
BackgroundCurrent strategies for adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: ”Off-the-shelf” immune cells
Ngo, H. T., Manh, H. L. V., Dang, V. T., Nguyen, N. H.-T., Thanh, B. V., & Pham, P. V. (2020) · Biomedical Research and Therapy · doi:10.15419/bmrat.v7i12.655 · Cited by 4
Shan, Y., Kong, Y., Zhou, Y., Guo, J., Shi, Q., Li, S., Guo, H., Huang, Y., Ding, S., Liu, C., et al. (2021) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01711-z · Cited by 4
Nonspecific Effects of Infant Vaccines Make Children More Resistant to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Galindo, L. F., Ginori, M., García, G., Barrios, Y. H., de Armas, Y., & Calderón, E. J. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9121858 · Cited by 4
“Among the risk factors that increase with age, the following are described as explanations: (i) Alterations in endothelial functions and coagulation present in older people [20]; (ii) Changes in the density and affinity of the enzyme converting angiotensin 2 (ACE2) and the transmembrane serine protease 2 enzyme in epi…”
InfluentialAdaptive Immunity: Antigen Recognition by T and B Lymphocytes
Kavathas, P., Krause, P. J., & Ruddle, N. H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25553-4_4 · Cited by 4
An atlas of gene regulatory networks for memory CD4 + T cells in youth and old agePreprint
Wayman, J. A., Thomas, A. L., Bejjani, A. T., Katko, A., Almanan, M., Godarova, A., Korinfskaya, S., Cazares, T. A., Yukawa, M., Kottyan, L. C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531590 · Cited by 4
“These complex aging phenotypes have been associated with CD4+ T cells, central mediators of adaptive immunity (Almanan et al. 2018; Goronzy and Weyand 2017; Kumar et al. 2018).”
BackgroundGenerative modeling of spatially resolved perturbation responses with CONCERTPreprint
Lin, X., Kong, Z., Fu, B., Ghosh, S., Kellis, M., & Žitnik, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.686890 · Cited by 6
“Analyses that ignore spatial organization can miss critical biology in development [9], immunity [10], and disease [11].”
Peterson, J. J., Chandel, S., James, K., Bennett, E. S., Wu, V., White, C. H., Allard, B., Clohosey, M., Whitaker, T., Baker, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci196536 · Cited by 7
“Notably, when we examined genes that regulate lymph node homing and retention ( CCR7 , S1PR1 , and SELL/CD62L ) these genes were all more highly expressed in blood T cells, while 2 integrins that promote binding of cells to extracellular matrix in tissues ( ITGAE and ITGA1 ) as well as the T cell tissue retention and…”
InfluentialEnhancers in T Cell development and malignant lesions
Zhang, T., & Zou, L. (2024) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-024-02160-7 · Cited by 3
“These HSCs undergo progressive differentiation into ETP, CD4 − CD8 − DN T cells, CD4 + CD8 + DP T cells, and ultimately CD4 + CD8 − / CD4 − CD8 + SP T cells, following a predetermined sequence [2].”
BackgroundLiu, L., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Q., & Wang, H. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312939 · Cited by 3
“In addition to the widely used FCR, the RFI, defined as the difference between the actual and expected feed intake, has garnered increasing attention [35].”
van den Dijssel, J., Konijn, V. A. L., Duurland, M. C., de Jongh, R., Koets, L., Veldhuisen, B., Raaphorst, H., Turksma, A. W., Heeren, J. J. F., Steenhuis, M., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202451565 · Cited by 3
Li, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, S., Liu, J., & Jin, Y. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114790 · Cited by 3
Is there a path to cure myasthenia gravis?
Panse, R. L. (2025) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102577 · Cited by 2
Oyeyemi, S. O., Averina, M., Huber, S., Charles, D., Furberg, A., Yigzaw, K. Y., Wilsgaard, T., Nielsen, C. S., & Grimnes, G. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122096 · Cited by 3
Chowdhury, I. H., Lokugamage, N., & Garg, N. J. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112926 · Cited by 3
“35,36 This process ensures that body can effectively combat infections and maintain immune surveillance.”
Ruiz, A. L., Slaughter, E. D., Bomb, K., Swedzinski, S. L., LeValley, P. J., Yun, Z., McCoskey, J., Levine, K. B., Steen, J., Almasian, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1513148 · Cited by 4
“The capabilities of functionalized HCMs with different co-stimulatory molecules were studied with isolated primary human CD3+ T cells from four donors (Supplementary Figure S7) (38, 39).”
Sun, L., Li, H., Li, X., Li, Y., Liu, M., Tian, H., Liu, J., Miao, R., Zhang, Y., Huang, Q., et al. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03284-9 · Cited by 3
“With enhanced T cells, we found that the growth of CD4 + T cells was greater than that of CD8 + T cells, potentially indicating adaptive immune system activation [26, 36].”
Sun, T., Wu, Y., Liu, G., Xue, Z., Yu, M., Mao, B., Han, M., Liang, X., Lü, L., You, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.039777 · Cited by 4
“…enlarged LNs is strengthened, more naive lymphocytes are recruited, and they mature under the assistance and stimulation of T follicular helper cells and DCs. 34 The results of single-cell TCR/BCR sequencing also confirmed that enlarged pericarotid LNs were in a stronger state of immune activation.”
CAR-T cell exhaustion in B cell lymphoma: Current status, mechanisms, and potential solutions
Zhao, R., Xia, J., Zheng, Y., Huang, W., Yu, L., & Wang, L. (2025) · Molecular Therapy Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.omton.2025.201099 · Cited by 3
“38,39 TCF1, a transcription factor, maintains the naive/memory state of T cells by promoting their capacity to proliferate and self-renew.”
Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wu, S., Qiao, L., Sheng, W., Yan, H., Wang, K., Yang, G., Jiang, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311441 · Cited by 3
“T cells undergo several stages in the thymus from progenitor cells to mature T cells, from CD4 − CD8 − double negative (DN) cells to CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) cells, and finally to CD4+ or CD8+ single positive (SP) cells [34].”
Wheeler, S. N., Dickenson, M. E., Joyce, C. N., Lukpat, S. N., Wagner, L. J. M. W., Muñoz-Rojas, A. R., & Morris, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114564 · Cited by 3
“Improved tools to isolate and study specific T-cells would be a boon to our understanding of how these cells orchestrate tissue repair and contribute to the development of therapeutics for cancers, vaccines, and autoimmunity [4].”
Mayer-Blackwell, K., Minervina, A. A., Pogorelyy, M. V., Rawat, P., Shapiro, M. R., Peters, L. D., Ford, E. S., Posgai, A. L., Vegesana, K., Minot, S. S., et al. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013767 · Cited by 4
“The human TCR repertoire size and diversity change over the lifespan, in part, due to declining thymic output and clonal expansion of memory T cells [29,30], with diversity negatively associated with age and cytomegalovirus (CMV) exposure [31].”
Efficient chemical reprogramming of human T cells to pluripotent stem cells
Wang, Y.-L., Peng, F., Cheng, R.-Q., Zeng, J., Zeng, W., Mao, J., Fu, X., Chen, G.-X., Liu, T., Yang, Z., et al. (2026) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-025-01216-2 · Cited by 3
Menezes-Silva, L., Jeong, M., Carr, C., Schneider, R. M., Pires, S., Codo, A. C., Uddin, J., Grier, A., Longman, R., Câmara, N. O. S., et al. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2026.01.003 · Cited by 3
Xue, L., Li, J., Hao, M., Zhou, S., Yang, Y., Liu, T., Zhang, L., Liang, B., Zhang, Y., & Xing, D. (2026) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-026-11076-x · Cited by 3
Kamaraj, U. S., Chen, Y., Lei, J., Gautam, P., Horcharoensuk, P., Clemente, C. K. M., Weinacht, K. G., Gascoigne, N. R. J., Chen, J., Chen, C. K., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68596-w · Cited by 3
“We cata-logued the known TEC mimetics based on the expression of lineage-speci fi c TFs and genes found in previous studies 15 – 17 (Supplementary Data 4).”
InfluentialZhong, W., Wu, Y., Yue, W., Fang, J., Xie, B., Xu, N., Lin, M., Zhu, X., Su, Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1179552 · Cited by 3
Acquired pure red cell aplasia: unraveling the immune pathogenesis
Liu, M., Zhang, T., Dong, X., & Wang, H. (2023) · Journal of Bio-X Research · doi:10.1097/jbr.0000000000000151 · Cited by 3
Reinaldo, L. G. C., Júnior, R. J. C. A., Diniz, T. M., Moura, R. D. D., Filho, A. J. M., Furtado, C. V. V. M., dos‐Santos, W. L. C., Costa, D. L., Eulálio, K. D., Ferreira, G. R., et al. (2024) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06151-6 · Cited by 4
“The spleen is a productive source of CD4 + cells [28, 29].”
BackgroundThe physiological and pathological roles of RNA modifications in T cells
Deng, Y. L., Zhou, J., & Li, H. (2024) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.06.003 · Cited by 3
The Function of Ubiquitination in T-Cell Development
Peng, Z., Zhang, H., & Hu, H. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7288-9_10 · Cited by 3
Fu, W., Xie, Q., Yu, P., Liu, S., Xu, L., Ye, X., Zhao, W., Wang, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1530214 · Cited by 4
“The quantity and function of T cells can change (147) with developmental stages until reaching equilibrium in adulthood (148).”
The Genomics of Aging at the Single-Cell Scale
Zhou, W. Y., & Cao, J. (2025) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-120523-024422 · Cited by 4
Aging and Viral Evolution Impair Immunity Against Dominant Pan‐Coronavirus‐Reactive T Cell Epitope
Loyal, L., Jürchott, K., Reimer, U., Meyer‐Arndt, L., Henze, L., Mages, N., Kostrzanowski, J., Reus, B., Mangold, M., Kruse, B., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202551888 · Cited by 3
The systemic costs of hematopoietic stem cell aging
Puri, G., & Blanc, R. S. (2025) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.205103 · Cited by 3
“Throughout the lifespan, the composition, abundance and function of immune cells within these niches are subjected to profound and dynamic remodeling, influenced by both intrinsic tissue signals and systemic factors (Kumar et al., 2018).”
The role of CXCL5 in tumor microenvironment: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Yang, X., Kuang, H., Sun, R., Ye, L., Chen, Y., Hu, Z., Deng, C., Li, X., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.70296 · Cited by 3
Ikuta, A., Fukushima, S., Ishibashi‐Ueda, H., Tadokoro, N., Kakuta, T., Watanabe, T., Fukushima, N., Suzuki, K., Fukui, T., & Fujita, T. (2022) · General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11748-022-01773-y · Cited by 3
Kaitz, N. A., Zuleger, C., Yu, P., Newton, M. A., Albertini, R. J., & Albertini, M. R. (2022) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108414 · Cited by 3
Chen, C., Zhang, C., Deng, Y., Du, S., Wang, H., & Li, D. (2022) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111323 · Cited by 3
MicroRNAs and the immune system
Frasca, F., Scordio, M., & Scagnolari, C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89774-7.00007-8 · Cited by 4
Tolstykh, E. I., & Дегтева, М. О. (2022) · Radiacionnaâ gigiena · doi:10.21514/1998-426x-2022-15-3-82-91 · Cited by 3
Immune heterogeneity in cardiovascular diseases from a single-cell perspective
Su, X., Wang, L., Ma, N., Yang, X., Liu, C., Yang, F., Li, J., Yi, X., & Xing, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1057870 · Cited by 5
Wang, S., Cai, J.-Y., Shi, A., & Cao, Y. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2301082 · Cited by 3
Shuyu decoction exhibits anti-fatigue properties via alleviating exercise-induced immune dysfunction
Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Wang, J., Lu, Y., Yuan, H., Zong, Y., Zhu, H., Tang, Y., Sun, Y., Zheng, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117259 · Cited by 3
Ejma-Multański, A., Wajda, A., & Paradowska‐Gorycka, A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12202489 · Cited by 6
“Lymphocytes T and B, also known as T cells and B cells, are found in almost every tissue of the organism, and they are divided into several subtypes with different functionalities [75,76].”
BackgroundTeixeira, R. D. J., de Souza, V. G., Sorroche, B. P., Paes, V., Zambuzi, F. A., Pereira, C. A., Vazquez, V. D. L., & Arantes, L. M. R. B. (2024) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/cmr.0000000000000958 · Cited by 3
“Still, lymphocytes could act as regulatory cells, named regulatory T cells, and downregulate immune responses [26].”
BackgroundAl-Janabi, I. I. (2024) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.54133/ajms.v6i2.726 · Cited by 3
Paxbp1 is indispensable for the maintenance of peripheral CD4 T cell homeostasis
Li, W., Yang, Y., Zhuo, F., Liu, S., Zhang, K., Zhang, W., Huang, C., & Yu, B. (2024) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13802 · Cited by 3
“Subse-quently, the newly formed T cells exit the thymus and establish a reservoir of long-lasting naïve T cells that circulate throughout the peripheral lymphoid tissue [4].”
BackgroundImmune response to IL6 gradient in a diffusion-based microfluidic labchip
Sardarabadi, P., Lee, K., Sun, W.-L., & Liu, C. (2024) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.136141 · Cited by 3
T-cell immunobiology and cytokine storm of COVID-19
Eltayeb, A., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2025) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.10.003 · Cited by 4
Wang, Z., Li, L., Lyu, Y., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041834 · Cited by 3
“[23] However, there is currently limited research on Ts cells and progress is slow.”
Anticancer mechanisms and applications based on γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy
Yang, Q., Na, J., Qin, S., Su, J., Huang, H., & Zhong, L. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104814 · Cited by 3
A Review of the Animal and Human Trials of the Ad5-nCoV Vaccine Candidate
Xi, C. E., & Singh, J. (2021) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsr.v10i1.1159 · Cited by 3
CD3+CD294+T cells of the type 2 immune response: their role in allergic inflammation
Бычкова, Н. В. (2022) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-cco-2543 · Cited by 3
The immune checkpoint protein PD-1: Its emerging regulatory role in memory T cells
Lin, X., Li, Z., Gong, G., Wang, H., Fang, X., Mor, G., & Liao, A. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2023.104130 · Cited by 3
Laletin, V., Bernard, P.-L., Montersino, C., Yamanashi, Y., Olive, D., Castellano, R., Guittard, G. C., & Nunès, J. A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66075-0 · Cited by 3
Tumor microenvironment and future targets of immunotherapy in breast cancer
Wang, Q., & Liu, Q. (2020) · Translational Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tbcr.2020.03.07 · Cited by 2
Jing, F., Huang, W., Ma, Q., Xu, S., Wu, C.-J., Guan, Y.-X., & Chen, B. Y. (2020) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.924393 · Cited by 3
“The prevalence of T cells in peripheral tissues can be highly variable, and both memory T cells and Tregs can be resident in specific tissues, with these tissue-resident lymphocytes playing important roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and in autoimmunity [30].”
BackgroundWeeden, C. E., Gayevskiy, V., Trussart, M., Marceaux, C., Ribera, N. T., Batey, D., Teh, C. E., Mitchell, A. J., Antippa, P. N., Leong, T. L., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440373 · Cited by 3
MacLean, F., Tsegaye, A. T., Graham, J. B., Swarts, J. L., Vick, S. C., Potchen, N. B., Talavera, I. C., Warrier, L., Dubrulle, J., Schroeder, L. K., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601916 · Cited by 3
Research progress of T cells in cholangiocarcinoma
Wang, Z., Dai, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, P., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Hu, Y., Li, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1453344 · Cited by 2
“After differentiating and maturing in the thymus, T lymphocytes are distributed to immune organs and tissues throughout the body, where they play a crucial role in immune responses through the circulation of lymphatic vessels, blood, and tissue fl uid (13).”
Silva, C. S., Casanova, M. R., Ferreirinha, P., Morais, A. D. S., Osório, H., Lima, A. C., Fangueiro, J. F., Cerqueira, M. T., Reis, R. L., Alves, N. L., et al. (2025) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123366 · Cited by 2
George, B., Dahlquist, K. J. V., Grant, M. K. O., DANIEL, M. R., Smith, D. M., Ahlberg, I. J., Sadak, K. T., Seelig, D. M., Camell, C. D., & Zordoky, B. N. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98617-5 · Cited by 2
Altered CD27-related T cell subsets reflect immune imbalance in systemic lupus erythematosus
Chen, X., Shen, B. Q., Lin, W. V., Xiong, Z., Yang, B., Luo, H., Zong, Z., Chen, J., Bahabayi, A., & Liu, C. (2025) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-025-09637-2 · Cited by 2
“CD27 signaling activates the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, promoting cell survival and inducing Th1-related gene expression [16, 17].”
Generation of effector CD4+ T cells from human iPSC
Amirault, J., Heinze, D. M., Yang, M., Kerr, C. M., Bawa, P., Polanco, L., Sgambettera, G., Wang, F., Belkina, A. C., Snyder-Cappione, J. E., et al. (2026) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.103058 · Cited by 2
Skeletal Muscle and the Immune System
Pence, B. D. (2025) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88361-3_23 · Cited by 2
Meng, C., Dai, X., Sun, L., Huang, D., Xu, X. S., Cheng, Y., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02396-5 · Cited by 2
“T lymphocytes, master regulators of the adaptive immunity, require the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling for their development and activation, and function [2].”
Glycolytic flux sustains human Th1 identity and effector function via STAT1 glycosylation
Abir, A. H., Benz, J., Frey, B., Bruns, H., Krönke, G., Gaipl, U. S., Schober, K., Mougiakakos, D., & Mielenz, D. (2025) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202503315 · Cited by 2
“Na¨ıve CD4 + T cells must receive signals from pMHC via CD3 and costimulation via CD28 for full activation (Kumar et al, 2018).”
Elevated CD39 + T Cells Contribute to Immune Regulatory Imbalance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Xiong, Z., Zong, Z., Zheng, X., Han, Q., Gao, Y., Bahabayi, A., Zhang, Z., & Liu, C. (2025) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.70065 · Cited by 2
Xu, K., Yu, L., Zhang, N., Dong, M., Xing, Y., & Yang, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1671438 · Cited by 3
Garza‐Martinez, L., & Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P. A. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02525-0 · Cited by 2
“…of maturation that involves T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) rearrangement; this process is coupled to a phase of central tolerance development, consisting of both positive and negative selection to ensure proper specificity and a population of cells with a vast array of targeted receptors [1, 2].”
Zahid, H. J., May, D., Robins, H. S., & Greissl, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1707727 · Cited by 3
“A key feature of immune homeostasis is the long-term balance between naive and memory T cell compartments, which enables rapid responses to previously encountered antigens while preserving the capacity to recognize new ones (17, 18).”
Lactate targeting: Regulatory networks and therapeutic potential in bone diseases
Zhang, X., Yan, X., Gao, W., Ma, J., Wu, Z., An, N., Qiu, L., & 郭佳杰 (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.116376 · Cited by 2
Kour, D., Srivastava, U., Eddy, T., Mehta, L., Kumari, R., & Rangaraju, S. (2026) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2026.102757 · Cited by 2
Targeting mTOR in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Immune Cell Dysfunction to Clinical Translation
Jiang, X., Sun, L., Ji, J. M., Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Wu, Q., Su, Q., Li, F., Zhang, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s593467 · Cited by 2
“79 Therefore, the overactivation of Teff cells and the dysfunction of Treg cells are major causes of immune dysregulation in SLE patients.”
van den Broecke, L., der Vreken, A. V., Watté, F., Meeus, F., Veirman, K. D., Breckpot, K., Bruyne, E. D., & Menu, E. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-026-02923-x · Cited by 3
“Exhausted T (T EX ) cells are characterised by sustained expression of inhibitory receptors, including PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 and TIGIT, progressive loss of effector functions, altered metabolic programming, and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes.”
InfluentialThe Structure and Function of Alkamides in Mammalian Systems
Johnstone, S. E., & Laster, S. M. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98198 · Cited by 3
Estimation of lymphocyte radiation doses after the ingestion of radionuclides of different tropicity
Tolstykh, E. I., Дегтева, М. О., & Akleyev, А. V. (2021) · Radiacionnaâ gigiena · doi:10.21514/1998-426x-2021-14-3-18-28 · Cited by 2
Role of Th1 and Th2 in autoimmunity
Ramponi, G., Brunetta, E., & Folci, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822564-6.00020-3 · Cited by 2
Wang, J., Wang, P., Wang, W., & Jin, H. (2022) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-22-1041 · Cited by 2
“As the main trigger of many types of inflammation, they consist of multiple subpopulations that play different roles at different life stages and have the potential to recognize antigens, maintain immune memory, and develop self-tolerance (27).”
Síndrome de Sjögren Primária: revisão sobre o diagnóstico e a imunopatologia
Santana, N. A. D. A., Sá, I. D. P., & Sobrinho, H. M. D. R. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e11001.2022 · Cited by 2
Chang, W., Li, H., Cheng, Y., He, H., Ou, W., & Wang, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1171145 · Cited by 2
Therapeutic potential for coxib-nitric oxide releasing hybrids in cancer treatment
Giordani, A., Poce, G., Consalvi, S., Maramai, S., Saletti, M., Rossi, A., Patrignani, P., Biava, M., & Anzini, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13342-8.00009-0 · Cited by 2
Mehta, N. M., Li, Y., Patel, V., Li, W., Morningstar-Kywi, N., Pospiech, M., Alachkar, H., & Haworth, I. S. (2023) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_19 · Cited by 2
Lan, J., Chang, S., Tsay, G. J., Chen, D., Chao, Y., & Li, J. (2023) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-023-00569-w · Cited by 2
“Previous studies have shown that there are age-related changes in the distribution of pheripheral blood lymphocytes [32, 33].”
BackgroundKossard, S. (2023) · American Journal of Dermatopathology · doi:10.1097/dad.0000000000002546 · Cited by 2
“Tregs are derived from bone marrow progenitors that are processed in the thymus, 30,31 inducing co-expression of CD4, high levels of surface CD25 (IL-2 receptor), and intra-cellular expression of master switch transcription factor Forkhead boxp3 (Foxp3).”
BackgroundJulian, J., Adawıyah, R., & Wahdini, S. (2023) · African Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.21010/ajidv18i1.3 · Cited by 4
Ruan, L., Ma, X., Zhu, L., Su, L., Wang, S., Guo, Q., Wan, B., Qiu, S., Zhang, Y., Hu, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-24-798 · Cited by 2
“However, the physiological role of CD8dim T cell AC remains unknown, and its observed protective effect in SP might result from inhibiting direct or indirect immune-inflammatory responses (60-62).”
BackgroundLarson, E. C., Ellis-Connell, A. L., Rodgers, M., Gubernat, A. K., Gleim, J. L., Moriarty, R. V., Balgeman, A. J., de Menezes, Y. K. T., Ameel, C. L., Fillmore, D. J., et al. (2024) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00313-24 · Cited by 2
“In humans, Vδ2+ γδ T cell frequencies are highly dynamic throughout childhood (19–21).”
Sazatornil, M. R. A., Alerany, C., González‐Granado, L. I., Neth, O., Payares‐Herrera, C., Rodríguez‐Gallego, C., Trillo-Mata, J. L., Herrmann, K., Figueiredo, R., & Gil, A. (2025) · Global & Regional Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.33393/grhta.2025.3199 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Kumar, B. V., Connors, T. J., & Farber, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Connors, Thomas J.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 202-213
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5826622
- OpenAlex
- W2789026035
- Cited by
- 1,257
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 213 · 2023: 207 · 2022: 233 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (AI106697, AI128949)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- T cell development, T cell localization, T cell subsets, immunosenescence, tissue localization, immune homeostasis, adaptive immunity, age-related changes, T cell immunity, vaccines, immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory, T-Lymphocytes, Tissue Distribution, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Lymphopoiesis, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
