The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 149 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 5 are not checked yet.
Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects
Open accessAbstract
The development of effective vaccines to combat infectious diseases is a complex multi-year and multi-stakeholder process. To accelerate the development of vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel pathogen emerging in late 2019 and spreading globally by early 2020, the United States government (USG) mounted an operation bridging public and private sector expertise and infrastructure. The success of the endeavor can be seen in the rapid advanced development of multiple vaccine candidates, with several demonstrating efficacy and now being administered around the globe. Here, we review the milestones enabling the USG-led effort, the methods utilized, and ensuing outcomes. We discuss the current status of COVID-19 vaccine development and provide a perspective for how partnership and preparedness can be better utilized in response to future public-health pandemic emergencies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“mRNA vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional vaccines because of their high potency, low manufacturing cost, and short preparation period (Bok et al., 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021).”
From A novel Toxoplasma gondii TGGT1_316290 mRNA-LNP vaccine elicits protective immune response against toxoplasmosis in mice (2023) · cites this paper as Bok et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Vahidy, F., Pischel, L., Tano, M., Pan, A. P., Boom, M. L., Sostman, H. D., Nasir, K., & Omer, S. B. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.21255873 · Cited by 18
RetractedSafety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592 · cited 2×
“Pfizer/BioNTech conducted their phase 3 efficacy trial in 150 sites around the world, including those in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Germany, and Turkey (Pfizer, 2020a, 2020b; Polack et al., 2020).”
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035389 · Cited by 10,119
Self-citationCryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
Self-citationFirst case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States
Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001191 · Cited by 6,030
Pushko, P., Pumpens, P., & Grens, E. (2013) · Intervirology · doi:10.1159/000346773 · Cited by 5,975
mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology
Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W., & Weissman, D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.243 · Cited by 4,667
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237
Self-citationEffectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant
Lopez Bernal, J., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2108891 · Cited by 2,889
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant
Bernal, J. L., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658 · Cited by 2,888 · cited 2×
“While most immunocompromised individuals were ineligible for the phase 3 efficacy Sponsor Real-world vaccine effectiveness against prototype SARSCoV-2 strain Real-world vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7) Beta (B.1.351) Gamma (P.1) Delta (B.1.617.2) I/SI SD I/SI SD I/SI SD I/SI SD Pfizer/…”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Andrejko, 2021, Early evidence of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness within the general population of California, medRxiv
- Barouch, 2021, Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Following Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination for COVID-19, medRxiv
- Swift, 2021, Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of healthcare personnel, Clin. Infect. Dis.
- Tande, 2021, Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Pre-Procedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening, Clin. Infect. Dis.
- Walsh, 2020, Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates, N. Engl. J. Med., 383, 2439, 10.1056/NEJMoa2027906 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cromer, D., Steain, M., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., Khoury, D. S., & Davenport, M. P. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00267-6 · Cited by 590
Harnessing the microbiome to prevent global biodiversity loss
Peixoto, R. S., Voolstra, C. R., Sweet, M. J., Duarte, C. M., Carvalho, S., Villela, H., Lunshof, J. E., Gram, L., Woodhams, D. C., Walter, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01173-1 · Cited by 284
COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review
Peterson, C., Lee, B. D., & NUGENT, K. M. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10060948 · Cited by 232
Menstrual Symptoms After COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Investigation in the MENA Region
Muhaidat, N., Alshrouf, M. A., Azzam, M., Karam, A. M., Al-Nazer, M., & Al-Ani, A. (2022) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s352167 · Cited by 168
Yang, Z.-R., Jiang, Y.-W., Li, F.-X., Liu, D., Lin, T.-F., Zhao, Z.-Y., Wei, C., Jin, Q.-Y., Li, X.-M., Jia, Y.-X., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00390-1 · Cited by 138
Higdon, M. M., Wahl, B., Jones, C. B., Rosen, J. G., Truelove, S., Baidya, A., Nande, A., ShamaeiZadeh, P. A., Walter, K. K., Feikin, D. R., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac138 · Cited by 133
Liu, Z., Zhou, J., Xu, W., Deng, W., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wang, Q., Hsieh, M. K., Dong, J., Wang, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00612-2 · Cited by 113
Delivering Pandemic Vaccines in 100 Days — What Will It Take?
Saville, M. K., Cramer, J. P., Downham, M., Hacker, A., Lurie, N., der Veken, L. V., Whelan, M., & Hatchett, R. J. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2202669 · Cited by 92
In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms
Cankat, S., Demael, M. U., & Swadling, L. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8 · Cited by 84
Valyi-Nagy, I. T., Matula, Z., Gönczi, M., Tasnády, S., Bekő, G., Réti, M., Ajzner, É., & Uher, F. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00471-6 · Cited by 80
Rotondo, J. C., Martini, F., Maritati, M., Mazziotta, C., Mauro, G. D., Lanzillotti, C., Barp, N., Gallerani, A., Tognon, M. G., & Contini, C. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13091687 · Cited by 81
mRNA-LNP HIV-1 trimer boosters elicit precursors to broad neutralizing antibodies
Xie, Z., Lin, Y., Steichen, J. M., Ozorowski, G., Kratochvil, S., Ray, R., Torres, J. L., Liguori, A., Kalyuzhniy, O., Wang, X., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adk0582 · Cited by 71
Is vaccine confidence an unexpected victim of the COVID-19 pandemic?
Siani, A., & Tranter, A. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.061 · Cited by 67
Adjobimey, T., Meyer, J., Sollberg, L., Bawolt, M., Berens, C., Kovačević, P., Trudić, A., Parčina, M., & Hoerauf, A. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.917905 · Cited by 67
Pandemic Preparedness and Response: Lessons From COVID-19
Fauci, A. S., & Folkers, G. K. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad095 · Cited by 62
Dealing with a mucosal viral pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 vaccines
Mouro, V., & Fischer, A. (2022) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-022-00517-8 · Cited by 56
The immunopathogenesis of a cytokine storm: The key mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19
Hiti, L., Markovič, T., Lainščak, M., Farkaš, J., Pal, E., & Mlinarič‐Raščan, I. (2025) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.12.003 · Cited by 65
Antibody Titers and Protection against Omicron (BA.1 and BA.2) SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Dimeglio, C., Migueres, M., Bouzid, N., Chapuy‐Regaud, S., Gernigon, C., Da-Silva, I., Porcheron, M., Martin‐Blondel, G., Hérin, F., & Izopet, J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10091548 · Cited by 45
Tang, X., Huo, M., Chen, Y., Huang, H., Qin, S., Luo, J., Qin, Z., Jiang, X., Liu, Y., Duan, X., et al. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.003 · Cited by 47
Widdifield, J., Kwong, J. C., Chen, S., Eder, L., Benchimol, E. I., Kaplan, G. G., Hitchon, C. A., Aviña-Zubieta, J. A., Lacaille, D. V., Chung, H., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00096-0 · Cited by 43
In Silico Studies to Support Vaccine Development
Saldanha, L., Langel, Ü., & Vale, N. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020654 · Cited by 41
Design and lyophilization of mRNA-encapsulating lipid nanoparticles
Wang, T., Yu, T., Li, W., Liu, Q., Sung, T., & Higuchi, A. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124514 · Cited by 42
Global safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines: how pharmacovigilance rose to the challenge
Rudolph, A., Mitchell, J., Barrett, J., Sköld, H., Taavola, H., Erlanson, N., Melgarejo-González, C., & Yue, Q. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/20420986221118972 · Cited by 46
Gramicidin S and melittin: potential anti-viral therapeutic peptides to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection
Enayathullah, M. G., Parekh, Y., Banu, S., Ram, S., Nagaraj, R., Kumar, B. K., & Idris, M. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07341-x · Cited by 42
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Bellamkonda, N., Lambe, U. P., Sawant, S. A., Nandi, S. S., Chakraborty, C., & Shukla, D. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071464 · Cited by 37
The quest for vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection against tuberculosis
Nemes, E., Fiore-Gartland, A. J., Boggiano, C., Coccia, M., D’Souza, P., Gilbert, P. B., Ginsberg, A. M., Hyrien, O., Laddy, D. J., Makar, K. W., et al. (2022) · Vaccine Insights · doi:10.18609/vac/2022.027 · Cited by 37
Jeong, Y., & Min, J. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e43 · Cited by 35
Zhou, S., Zhang, R., You, Z.-W., Zou, Y.-K., Wen, Y., Wang, J., Ding, D., Bian, M.-M., Zhang, Z.-M., Yuan, H., et al. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.2c19736 · Cited by 34
Parvin, N., Mandal, T. K., & Joo, S. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16111366 · Cited by 36
Chevillard, C., Amen, A., Besson, S., Hannani, D., Bally, I., Dettling, V., Gout, E., Moreau, C., Buisson, M., Gallet, S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.011 · Cited by 35
Wang, J., Yin, X., Wen, Y., Lu, J. L., Zhang, R., Zhou, S., Liao, C.-M., Wei, H.-W., & Guo, J. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02025 · Cited by 31
Innate Immune Response and Inflammasome Activation During SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Islamuddin, M., Mustfa, S. A., Ullah, S. N. M. N., Omer, U., Kato, K., & Parveen, S. (2022) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-022-01651-y · Cited by 31
Hajjo, R., Sabbah, D. A., & Tropsha, A. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11070743 · Cited by 28
From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era
Miao, G., Chen, Z., Cao, H., Wu, W., Chu, X., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Zhu, H., Cai, H., Lu, X., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114208 · Cited by 27
Novel sialoglycan linkage for constructing adjuvant-protein conjugate as potent vaccine for COVID-19
Wen, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, J., Zhou, S., Peng, X., Ding, D., Zhang, Z.-M., Wei, H., & Guo, J. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.062 · Cited by 26
Lü, Y., Tang, L., Zhang, M., & Liu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.896958 · Cited by 28
Castellanos, M. M., Gressard, H., Li, X., Magagnoli, C., Moriconi, A., Stranges, D., Strodiot, L., Soto, M., Zwierzyna, M., & Campa, C. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11071153 · Cited by 28
Zhou, S., Zhang, R., Zhang, H.-W., Liu, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, J., Li, Y., You, Z.-W., Yin, X., Qiu, H. Y., et al. (2022) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d1cc06520c · Cited by 24
A comprehensive review on variants of SARS-CoVs-2: Challenges, solutions and open issues
Deepanshi, D., Budhiraja, I., Garg, D., Kumar, N., & Sharma, R. (2022) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2022.10.013 · Cited by 24
Leung, N., Cheng, S. M. S., Cohen, C. A., Martín-Sánchez, M., Au, N. Y. M., Luk, L. L. H., Tsang, L. C. H., Kwan, K. K. H., Chaothai, S., Fung, L. W. C., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00216-1 · Cited by 27
Wang, X., Hu, A., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Yu, F., Yue, S., Li, A., Zhang, J., Pan, Z., Yang, Y., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00954-8 · Cited by 23
Kumar, S., Delipan, R., Chakraborty, D., Kanjo, K., Singh, R., Singh, N., Siddiqui, S., Tyagi, A., Jha, V., Thakur, K. G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00922-23 · Cited by 23
Current Progress, Challenges and Prospects in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines
Zhu, C., Pang, S., Liu, J., & Duan, Q. (2024) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02013-8 · Cited by 24
Long, Y., Sun, J., Song, T., Liu, T., Tang, F., Zhang, X., Ding, L., Miao, Y., Zhu, W., Pan, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-021-00370-2 · Cited by 22
Lai, G., Liu, H., Deng, J., Li, K., & Xie, B. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13091602 · Cited by 22
SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses
Harne, R., Williams, B., Abdelaal, H. F. M., Baldwin, S. L., & Coler, R. N. (2023) · AIMS Microbiology · doi:10.3934/microbiol.2023015 · Cited by 21
Discovery of novel papain-like protease inhibitors for potential treatment of COVID-19
Hersi, F., Sebastian, A., Tarazi, H., Srinivasulu, V., Mostafa, A., Allayeh, A. K., Zeng, C., Hachim, I. Y., Liu, S., Abu‐Yousef, I. A., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115380 · Cited by 24
Li, D., Zhang, Y., Li, S., & Zheng, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1145114 · Cited by 22
Kim, W.-J., Choi, S., Park, J. Y., Song, J. S., Chung, J.-W., & Choi, S. T. (2022) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2022-222689 · Cited by 20
Hamdan, Y. A., Amerany, F. E., Desbrières, J., Aghrinane, A., Oudadesse, H., & Rhazi, M. (2022) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-022-04579-3 · Cited by 22
Yu, X., Yu, C., Wu, X., Cui, Y., Liu, X., Jin, Y., Li, Y., & Wang, L. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11050937 · Cited by 22
Bibliometric Analysis of Global Scientific Production on COVID-19 and Vaccines
Neto, A. R. D. S., de Carvalho, A. R. B., da Silva, M. D. F., Neta, M. M. R., Sena, I. V. D. O., Almeida, R. N., Filha, F. S. S. C., Silva, L. L. L. E., da Costa, G. R., Lira, I. M. D. S., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064796 · Cited by 20
Rabdano, S. O., Ruzanova, E., Pletyukhina, I. V., Saveliev, N. S., Kryshen, K. L., Katelnikova, A. E., Beltyukov, P. P., Fakhretdinova, L. N., Safi, A., Rudakov, G. O., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11040874 · Cited by 20
Poncio, L. D. C., dos Anjos, F. A., de Oliveira, D. A., da Rosa, A. D. O., Silva, B. P., Rebechi, D., Pedrosa, J. M., Franciscato, D. A. D. C., de Souza, C., & Paldi, N. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100498 · Cited by 18
Yan, M., Zhao, H., Li, Z., Chow, J., Zhang, Q., Qi, Y.-P., Wu, S.-S., Zhong, M.-K., & Qiu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.921760 · Cited by 18
Suksatan, W., Teravecharoenchai, S., & Sarayuthpitak, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010101 · Cited by 17
Geochemical Negative Emissions Technologies: Part II. Roadmap
Maesano, C. N., Campbell, J. S., Foteinis, S., Furey, V., Hawrot, O., Pike, D., Aeschlimann, S., Reginato, P., Goodwin, D., Looger, L. L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.945332 · Cited by 16
Cardiovascular Disease Complicating COVID-19 in the Elderly
Dayaramani, C., Leon, J. D., & Reiss, A. B. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57080833 · Cited by 16
Kareem, R., Sethi, M. R., Inayat, S., & Irfan, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277288 · Cited by 16
Besson, S., Boucher, E., Laurin, D., Manches, O., Aspord, C., Hannani, D., & Fender, P. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.003 · Cited by 15
Mudenda, S., Meyer, J. C., Fadare, J. O., Ogunleye, O. O., Saleem, Z., Matafwali, S. K., Daka, V., Chabalenge, B., Chama, J., Mukosha, M., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002385 · Cited by 15
A mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission
Jayatilaka, R., Patel, R., Brar, M., Tang, Y., Jisrawi, N., Chishtie, F., Drozd, J., & Valluri, S. R. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.480 · Cited by 15
ALC-0315 Lipid-Based mRNA LNP Induces Stronger Cellular Immune Responses Postvaccination
Song, Z., Jin, L., Jiao, L., Yu, R., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Hu, Y., Sun, Y., Li, E., Zhao, G., et al. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00995 · Cited by 15
Ma, Q., Li, R., Guo, J., Li, M., Ma, L., Dai, J., Shi, Y., Dai, J., Huang, Y., Dai, C., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101698 · Cited by 13
Stout, R. C., Feasey, N., Péchayre, M., Thomson, N., & Chilima, B. Z. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103044 · Cited by 14
Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines
Sepand, M. R., Bigdelou, B., Ho, J. Q., Sharaf, M., Lannigan, A. J., Sullivan, I. M., da Silva, A. P., Barrett, L. O., McGoldrick, S., Lnu, Y., et al. (2022) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib11020035 · Cited by 14
Wang, T., Yu, T., Li, W., Chen, J., Cheng, S., Tian, Z., Sung, T., & Higuchi, A. (2025) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbaf023 · Cited by 15
Jaiswal, V., & Lee, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.832106 · Cited by 13
Development of a Modular NTA:His Tag Viral Vaccine for Co-delivery of Antigen and Adjuvant
Chung, Y. H., Volckaert, B. A., & Steinmetz, N. F. (2023) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00601 · Cited by 13
COVID-19 Compulsory Vaccination and the European Court of Human Rights.
Vinceti, S. R. (2021) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v92is6.12333 · Cited by 12
Rapid Identity and Quantity CQA Test for Multivalent mRNA Drug Product Formulations
Gao, R. Y., Riley, C. M., Toth, E., Blair, R. H., Gerold, M. N., McCormick, C., Taylor, A. W., Hu, T., Rowlen, K. L., & Dawson, E. D. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101704 · Cited by 12
Weng, Y., Lu, D., Bollyky, J., Jain, V., Desai, M., Lindan, C., Boothroyd, D. B., Judson, T. J., Doernberg, S. B., Holubar, M. K., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121406 · Cited by 12
S100A4 exerts robust mucosal adjuvant activity for co-administered antigens in mice
Chaudhuri, A. S., Yeh, Y., Zewdie, O., Li, N. S., Sun, J., Jin, T., Wei, B., Holmgren, J. R., & Xiang, Z. (2022) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-022-00535-6 · Cited by 12
A proteomic perspective and involvement of cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Banu, S., Idris, M. M., & Nagaraj, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279998 · Cited by 11
Baek, Y. J., Kim, W., Ko, J., Lee, Y.-J., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, J. H., Jang, H. C., Jeong, H. W., Kim, Y. C., Park, Y. S., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.063 · Cited by 11
Harisa, G. I., Faris, T. M., Sherif, A. Y., Alzhrani, R. F., Alanazi, S. A., Kohaf, N. A., & Alanazi, F. K. (2023) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12033-023-00821-z · Cited by 11
Xu, Y., Li, Y., Wang, L., & Chen, F. (2021) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2021.01099 · Cited by 11
Getting to the (germinal) center of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2
Tangye, S. G., Burnett, D. L., & Bull, R. A. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.018 · Cited by 11
Imhof, D., Hänggeli, K. P. A., de Sousa, M. C. F., Vigneswaran, A., Hofmann, L., Amdouni, Y., Boubaker, G., Müller, J., & Hemphill, A. F. (2024) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2024.01.001 · Cited by 10
Preclinical assessment of a recombinant RBD-Fc fusion protein as SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine
Dashti, N., Golsaz‐Shirazi, F., Soltanghoraee, H., Zarnani, A., Mohammadi, M., Imani, D., Jeddi‐Tehrani, M., Amiri, M. M., & Shokri, F. (2024) · European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1556/1886.2024.00045 · Cited by 10
Zhou, H., Leng, P., Wang, Y., Yang, K., Li, C., Ojcius, D. M., Wang, P., & Jiang, S. (2024) · 中国科学通报:英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.041 · Cited by 10
Yuan, L., Zhu, H., Zhou, M., Ma, J., Liu, X., Wu, K., Ye, J., Yu, H., Chen, P., Chen, R., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105475 · Cited by 10
Effect of religious fatalism and concern about new variants on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines
Mamani-Benito, O. J., Farfán-Solís, R., Huayta-Meza, M. E., Tito-Betancur, M., Morales-García, W. C., & Tarqui, E. E. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1071543 · Cited by 10
New Anticancer Drugs: Reliably Assessing “Value” While Addressing High Prices
Stewart, D. J., Bradford, J., Sehdev, S. R., Ramsay, T., Navani, V., Rawson, N. S. B., Jiang, D., Gotfrit, J., Wheatley‐Price, P., Liu, G., et al. (2024) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol31050184 · Cited by 10
van de Burgwal, L., de Valk, T., Kempter, H., Gadau, M., Stubbs, D., & Boon, W. (2023) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2023.100736 · Cited by 9
Vaccines for Global Health: Progress and Challenges
Knisely, J. M., & Erbelding, E. J. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae511 · Cited by 9
Montgomery, L. C., & Larbi, A. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13040420 · Cited by 9
Tam, J. C. H., Sibayan, A. C., Seow, J., Graham, C., Kurshan, A., Merrick, B., Stanton, R. J., & Doores, K. J. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116000 · Cited by 12
Real-time monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic
Korber, B., Fischer, W., & Theiler, J. P. (2025) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2025.10.013 · Cited by 8
Joshi, R., Sharma, S., Kapoor, D. U., Prajapati, B. G., Huanbutta, K., & Sriamornsak, P. (2026) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00774 · Cited by 10
In Silico Screening of Novel TMPRSS2 Inhibitors for Treatment of COVID-19
Wang, S., Fang, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27134210 · Cited by 9
Takemoto, Y., Tanimine, N., Yoshinaka, H., Tanaka, Y., Takafuta, T., Sugiyama, A., Tanaka, J., & Ohdan, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217206 · Cited by 9
Takizawa, T., Ihara, K., Uno, S., Ohtani, S., Watanabe, N., Imai, N., Nakahara, J., Hori, S., García‐Azorín, D., & Martelletti, P. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2023.2280221 · Cited by 9
Duggar, C., Santoli, J. M., Noblit, C., Moore, L. B., Kalach, R. E., & Bridges, C. B. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.020 · Cited by 9
Fragoso-Saavedra, M., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2025.110412 · Cited by 10
Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Mozambique: The role of institutional trust
Hu, B., Yang, W. Y. L., Bouanchaud, P., Chongo, Y., Wheeler, J., Chicumbe, S., & Chissano, M. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.053 · Cited by 8
Review of pediatric emergency care and the COVID‐19 pandemic
Foster, A. A., Walls, T. A., Alade, K. H., Brown, K., Gausche‐Hill, M., Lin, S., Rose, E., Ruttan, T. K., Shahid, S., Sorrentino, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.13073 · Cited by 7
Double trouble: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation amidst conflict in Ukraine
Tharwani, Z. H., Ennab, F., Matiashova, L., Nawaz, F. A., Volkova, A., Trill, V., & Essar, M. Y. (2022) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104127 · Cited by 8
Scaria, P. V., Rowe, C. G., Chen, B. B., Dickey, T. H., Renn, J. P., Lambert, L., Barnafo, E. K., Rausch, K. M., Tolia, N. H., & Duffy, P. E. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104739 · Cited by 9
Kitonsa, J., Serwanga, J., Abaasa, A., Lunkuse, J. F., Cheeseman, H. M., Ruzagira, E., Kato, L., Nambaziira, F., Oluka, G. K., Gombe, B., et al. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13060553 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Bok, K., Sitar, S., Graham, B. S., & Mascola, J. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mascola, John R.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1636-1651
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8328682
- OpenAlex
- W3187496430
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 12
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (63/140,250, PCT/US2021/017709, WO/2018/081318)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccine development, SARS-CoV-2, public-private partnerships, vaccine candidate, pandemic preparedness, public health emergencies, vaccine efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Vaccination Coverage, Vaccinology, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Biotechnology, Humans, Models, Molecular, Research, United States, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Bioengineering, Public Health Surveillance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review