The DOI matches its Crossref record; 202 of the 202 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emerging roles of innate and adaptive immunity in Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with characteristic extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. Several key regulators of innate immune pathways are genetic risk factors for AD. While these genetic risk factors as well as in vivo data point to key roles for microglia, emerging evidence also points to a role of the adaptive immune response in disease pathogenesis. We review the roles of innate and adaptive immunity, their niches, their communication, and their contributions to AD development and progression. We also summarize the cellular compositions and physiological functions of immune cells in the parenchyma, together with those in the brain border structures that form a dynamic disease-related immune niche. We propose that both innate and adaptive immune responses in brain parenchyma and border structures could serve as important therapeutic targets for treating both the pre-symptomatic and the symptomatic stages of AD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The connection between AD and T-cell function was reported for neuronal signaling and AD pathology (4,47).”
From Alzheimer's Disease–Associated Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Prevents Aging Stress–Induced Mitophagy and Fumarate Depletion to Improve Antitumor Immunity (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The possible contribution of the adaptive immune system in AD patients to reducing cancer incidence has not been studied (4,5).”
From Alzheimer's Disease–Associated Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Prevents Aging Stress–Induced Mitophagy and Fumarate Depletion to Improve Antitumor Immunity (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123
The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics
Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072994 · Cited by 13,864
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8346443 · Cited by 9,429
NF-κB signaling in inflammation
Liu, T., Zhang, L., Joo, D., & Sun, S.-C. (2017) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23 · Cited by 8,791
mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease
Saxton, R. A., & Sabatini, D. M. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.004 · Cited by 7,555
Iliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824
Regulatory T Cells and Immune Tolerance
Sakaguchi, S., Yamaguchi, T., Nomura, T., & Ono, M. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.009 · Cited by 5,485
Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation
Kolaczkowska, E., & Kubes, P. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3399 · Cited by 5,472
Goate, A., Chartier-Harlin, M.-C., Mullan, M., Brown, J., Crawford, F., Fidani, L., Giuffra, L., Haynes, A., Irving, N., James, L., et al. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/349704a0 · Cited by 4,659
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Alzheimer, 1907, Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allg, Z. Psychiatr., 64, 146
- Merlini, 2019, Fibrinogen Induces Microglia-Mediated Spine Elimination and Cognitive Impairment in an Alzheimer’s, Disease Model, 101, 1099
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microglia-mediated T cell infiltration drives neurodegeneration in tauopathy
Chen, X., Firulyova, M., Manis, M., Herz, J., Smirnov, I., Aladyeva, E., Wang, C., Bao, X., Finn, M. B., Hu, H., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05788-0 · Cited by 609
Self-citationEmerging diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer disease
Self, W. K., & Holtzman, D. M. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02505-2 · Cited by 381
Self-citationCellular and pathological functions of tau
Bravo, C. P., Naguib, S. A., & Gan, L. (2024) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-024-00753-9 · Cited by 271
Tripathi, P. N., Lodhi, A., Rai, S., Nandi, N., Dumoga, S., Yadav, P., Tiwari, A., Singh, S. K., El‐Shorbagi, A., & Chaudhary, S. (2024) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s452009 · Cited by 151
Baligács, N., Albertini, G., Borrie, S. C., Serneels, L., Pridans, C., Balusu, S., & De Strooper, B. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54779-w · Cited by 123
The Role of TNF-α in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review
Plantone, D., Pardini, M., Righi, D., Manco, C., Colombo, B. M., & Stefano, N. D. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13010054 · Cited by 125
The role of peripheral inflammatory insults in Alzheimer’s disease: a review and research roadmap
Walker, K. A., Page, L. M. L., Terrando, N., Duggan, M. R., Heneka, M. T., & Bettcher, B. M. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00627-2 · Cited by 121
Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system
Mazzitelli, J. A., Pulous, F. E., Smyth, L. C. D., Kaya, Z., Rustenhoven, J., Moskowitz, M. A., Kipnis, J., & Nahrendorf, M. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01487-1 · Cited by 116
Quan, S., Fu, X., Cai, H., Ren, Z., Xu, Y., & Jia, L. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00815-2 · Cited by 110
Allosteric TYK2 inhibition: redefining autoimmune disease therapy beyond JAK1-3 inhibitors
Jensen, L. T., Attfield, K. E., Feldmann, M., & Fugger, L. H. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104840 · Cited by 88
Peripheral and central neuroimmune mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis
Zhang, S., Gao, Y., Zhao, Y., Huang, T. Y., Zheng, Q., & Wang, X. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00812-5 · Cited by 78
A single-cell and spatial RNA-seq database for Alzheimer’s disease (ssREAD)
Wang, C., Acosta, D., McNutt, M., Bian, J., Ma, A., Fu, H., & Ma, Q. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49133-z · Cited by 73
Bosch, M. E., Dodiya, H. B., Michalkiewicz, J., Lee, C., Shaik, S. M., Weigle, I. Q., Zhang, C., Osborn, J., Nambiar, A., Patel, P., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00700-w · Cited by 70
Self-citationMuñoz-Castro, C., Mejias-Ortega, M., Sanchez-Mejias, E., Navarro, V., Trujillo-Estrada, L., Jimenez, S., Garcia-Leon, J. A., Fernandez-Valenzuela, J. J., Sanchez-Mico, M. V., Romero-Molina, C., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01530-z · Cited by 66
Wei, Y., Xia, X., Wang, X., Yang, W., He, S., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Zhou, Y., Chen, F., Li, H., et al. (2025) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2025.01.015 · Cited by 73
Zhang, Y., Miao, Y., Jin, T., Chen, F., Lei, P., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04254-9 · Cited by 69
Revitalizing T cells: breakthroughs and challenges in overcoming T cell exhaustion
Wu, Y., Wu, Y., Gao, Z., Yu, W., Zhang, L., & Zhou, F. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02327-3 · Cited by 78
Breaking Boundaries: Chronic Diseases and the Frontiers of Immune Microenvironments
Li, G., Wan, Y., Jiao, A., Jiang, K., Cui, G., Tang, J., Yu, S., Hu, Z., Zhao, S., Yi, Z., et al. (2025) · Med Research · doi:10.1002/mdr2.70007 · Cited by 63
Immune mechanisms and shared immune targets in neurodegenerative diseases
Weiner, H. L. (2024) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-024-01046-7 · Cited by 72
Immunotherapy for depression: Recent insights and future targets
Bai, Y., Cai, Y., Chang, D., Li, D., Huo, X., & Zhu, T. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108624 · Cited by 56
Li, L., Yang, C., Jia, M., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Q., Gong, J., He, Y., Xu, K., Liu, X., et al. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo00886c · Cited by 52
Self-citationConnecting the Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Role of Bile Acids
Wang, S., Xu, C., Liu, H., Wei, W., Zhou, X., Qian, H., Zhou, L., Zhang, H., Wu, L. M., Chen, Z., et al. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03340-9 · Cited by 51
Astrocytes in selective vulnerability to neurodegenerative disease
Zimmer, T. S., Orr, A. L., & Orr, A. G. (2024) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.008 · Cited by 57
The advent of Alzheimer treatments will change the trajectory of human aging
Selkoe, D. J. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00611-5 · Cited by 49
T cell infiltration mediates neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Zeng, J., Liao, Z., Yang, H., Wang, Q., Wu, Z., Hua, F., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106461 · Cited by 53
Sarazin, M., Lagarde, J., Haddad, I., de Souza, L. C., Bellier, B., Potier, M., Bottlaender, M., & Dorothée, G. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00630-2 · Cited by 42
Tang, C. K., Lei, X., Ding, Y., Yang, S., Ma, Y., & He, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339649 · Cited by 37
Immune modulation to treat Alzheimer’s disease
Duggan, M. R., Morgan, D., Price, B. R., Rajbanshi, B., Martín‐Peña, A., Tansey, M. G., & Walker, K. A. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00828-x · Cited by 44
He, S., Li, X., Mittra, N., Bhattacharjee, A., Wang, H., Song, S., Zhao, S., Liu, F., & Han, X. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202410910 · Cited by 34
Liu, Q., Zhang, S., Shi, L., Shi, J., Sun, C., Wang, J., Zhou, W., Zhou, H., Shan, F., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202401114 · Cited by 34
Kloske, C. M., Belloy, M. E., Blue, E. E., Bowman, G. R., Carrillo, M. C., Chen, X., Chiba‐Falek, O., Davis, A. A., Paolo, G. D., Garretti, F., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13877 · Cited by 33
“70,71 Spatial transcriptomics in 5XFAD mice expressing apoE ε 4 revealed a unique cortical transcriptomic signature characterized by increased expression of DAM/MGnD microglia genes and biomarkers related to microglial activation, lipid metabolism, complement activation, and synapse pruning.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNg, R. C.-L., Jian, M., Ma, O. K.-F., Xiang, A. W., Bunting, M., Kwan, J., Wong, C. W.-K., Yick, L.-W., Chung, S. K., Lam, K. S. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03066-y · Cited by 35
Aisen, P. S. S., Bateman, R. J., Crowther, D. C., Cummings, J., Dwyer, J. R., Iwatsubo, T., Kosco‐Vilbois, M. H., McDade, E., Mohs, R. C., Scheltens, P., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14342 · Cited by 34
Human brain vascular multi-omics elucidates disease-risk associations
Reid, M. M., Menon, S., Liu, H., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Frerich, S., Ding, B., Oveisgharan, S., Zhang, Z., Nelson, S., et al. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.07.001 · Cited by 35
Mast cell deficiency improves cognition and enhances disease-associated microglia in 5XFAD mice
Lin, C., Hérisson, F., Le, H., Jaafar, N., Chetal, K., Oram, M. K., Flynn, K. L., Gavrilles, E. P., Sadreyev, R. I., Schiffino, F. L., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113141 · Cited by 29
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Glial Cells as Molecular Target for Parkinson’s Disease
Soares, É. N., Costa, A. C. D. S., Ferrolho, G. D. J., Ureshino, R. P., Getachew, B., Costa, S. L., da Silva, V. D. A., & Tizabi, Y. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13060474 · Cited by 28
Role of Glial Cells in Neuronal Function, Mood Disorders, and Drug Addiction
Tizabi, Y., Getachew, B., Hauser, S. R., Tsytsarev, V., Manhães, A. C., & da Silva, V. D. A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14060558 · Cited by 27
STING Deletion Protects Against Amyloid β‐induced Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis
Thanos, J. M., Campbell, O. C., Cowan, M. N., Bruch, K. R., Moore, K. A., Ennerfelt, H. E., Natale, N. R., Mangalmurti, A., Kerur, N., & Lukens, J. R. (2025) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70305 · Cited by 26
Zhuang, X., Zhang, G., Bao, M., Jiang, G., Wang, H., Li, S., Wang, Z., & Sun, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147501 · Cited by 26
Ye, Y., Gao, M., Shi, W., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Yang, W., Zheng, X., & Lu, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325530 · Cited by 29
Monoclonal antibodies and aptamers: The future therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease
Barrera-Ocampo, A. A. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.034 · Cited by 30
Ohyagi, M., Ito, M., Iizuka-Koga, M., Mise-Omata, S., & Yoshimura, A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64503-x · Cited by 24
Miller, M. R., Landis, H. E., Miller, R. E., & Tizabi, Y. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13181554 · Cited by 26
Romero, J., Toral-Ríos, D., Yu, J., Paul, S. M., & Cashikar, A. G. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03233-1 · Cited by 24
Wang, T., Feng, W., Ju, M., Yu, H., Guo, Z., Sun, X., Yang, K., Liu, M., & Xiao, R. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02986-5 · Cited by 24
Current status of amyloid-targeting immunotherapies for Alzheimer’s disease
Tabor, G. T., & Holtzman, D. M. (2023) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adk9993 · Cited by 23
Self-citationEnantiomer-Dependent Supramolecular Immunosuppressive Modulation for Tissue Reconstruction
Mu, Z., Shen, T., Deng, H., Zeng, B., Huang, C., Mao, Z., Xie, Y., Pei, Y., Guo, L., Hu, R., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c11601 · Cited by 23
Clinicopathologic Heterogeneity and Glial Activation Patterns in Alzheimer Disease
Kouri, N., Frankenhauser, I., Peng, Z., Labuzan, S. A., Boon, B. D. C., Moloney, C. M., Pottier, C. P., Wickland, D. P., Caetano-Anollés, K., Corriveau‐Lecavalier, N., et al. (2024) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0784 · Cited by 26
LRRK2 kinase inhibition reverses G2019S mutation-dependent effects on tau pathology progression
Lubben, N., Brynildsen, J. K., Webb, C. M., Li, H. L., Leyns, C. E. G., Changolkar, L. N., Zhang, B., Meymand, E. S., O’Reilly, M., Madaj, Z. B., et al. (2024) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-024-00403-2 · Cited by 22
Zhang, Y., Guo, Y. X., He, Y., You, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Chen, S., He, X., Yang, L., Huang, Y., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02840-x · Cited by 26
Investigating interleukin-8 in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review
Righi, D., Manco, C., Pardini, M., Stufano, A., Schino, V., Pelagotti, V., Massa, F., Stefano, N. D., & Plantone, D. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241298973 · Cited by 21
APOEε4 and risk of Alzheimer’s disease – time to move forward
Lefterov, I. M., Fitz, N. F., Lü, Y., & Koldamova, R. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1195724 · Cited by 25
Marković, M., Milošević, J. R., Wang, W., & Cao, Y. (2023) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/molpharm.123.000726 · Cited by 20
Lian, Y., Jia, Y., Wong, J., Zhou, X., Song, W., Guo, J., Masters, C. L., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02324-4 · Cited by 25
Distinct patterns of plaque and microglia glycosylation in Alzheimer's disease
Fastenau, C., Bunce, M., Keating, M., Wickline, J. L., Hopp, S. C., & Bieniek, K. F. (2024) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13267 · Cited by 20
Brain macrophages in vascular health and dysfunction
Bijnen, M., Sridhar, S., Keller, A., & Greter, M. (2024) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2024.11.012 · Cited by 20
Alzheimer’s disease transcriptional landscape in ex vivo human microglia
Kosoy, R., Fullard, J. F., Bendl, J. M., Kleopoulos, S. P., Shao, Z., Argyriou, S., Mathur, D. D., Psychogyiou, K., Malakates, P., Vicari, J. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02020-2 · Cited by 22
Genome-wide association study in Alzheimer’s disease: a bibliometric and visualization analysis
Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yao, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1290657 · Cited by 22
Gut microbiota metabolites: potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease?
Zhang, S., Lu, J., Jin, Z., Xu, H., Zhang, D., Chen, J., & Wang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1459655 · Cited by 25
Current insights into apolipoprotein E and the immune response in Alzheimer's disease
Lin, P. B., & Holtzman, D. M. (2024) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13414 · Cited by 19
Self-citationAndries, L., Kancheva, D., Masin, L., Scheyltjens, I., Hove, H. V., Vlaminck, K. D., Bergmans, S., Claes, M., Groef, L. D., Moons, L., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01580-3 · Cited by 21
Moving the Needle on Alzheimer’s Disease with an Anti-Oligomer Antibody
Gandy, S., & Ehrlich, M. E. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2214981 · Cited by 20
Mao, J.-Q., Cheng, L., Zhang, Y.-D., Xie, G., & Wang, P. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118696 · Cited by 19
Microbial Metabolomes in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Potential
Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47090724 · Cited by 21
Roles of Epigenetics and Glial Cells in Drug-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder
Csoka, A. B., Kouhen, N. E., Bennani, S., Getachew, B., Aschner, M., & Tizabi, Y. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14040437 · Cited by 16
Gao, M., Wang, X., Su, S., Feng, W., Lai, Y., Huang, K., Cao, D., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01595 · Cited by 18
Habibi, F., Ghaderkhani, S., Shokoohi, M., Banari, T., Morsali, M., Abadi, R. N. S., & Kiamehr, H. (2025) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00673-0 · Cited by 19
Yan, J., Qiao, G., Yin, Y., Wang, E., Xiao, J., Peng, Y., Yu, J., Du, Y., Li, Z., Wu, H., et al. (2023) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2023.104712 · Cited by 16
Bone Marrow‐Derived GCA+ Immune Cells Drive Alzheimer's Disease Progression
Zhou, R., Wang, L., Chen, L., Xu, F., Zhou, R., Peng, X. F., Wen, J., Huang, Y., & Zhou, H. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202303402 · Cited by 16
Wang, X., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Liu, C., Cui, Y., Song, Q., Hou, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01440-9 · Cited by 15
ANGPTL4-mediated microglial lipid droplet accumulation: Bridging Alzheimer's disease and obesity
Li, N., Wang, X., Lin, R., Yang, F., Chang, H.-C., Gu, X., Shu, J., Liu, G., Yu, Y., Wei, W., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106741 · Cited by 15
CD8+ T cells contribute to diet-induced memory deficits in aged male rats
Butler, M. J., Sengupta, S., Muscat, S. M., Amici, S. A., Biltz, R. G., Deems, N. P., Dravid, P., Mackey-Alfonso, S. E., Ijaz, H., Bettes, M. N., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.003 · Cited by 18
Chavoshinezhad, S., Beirami, E., & Izadpanah, E. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118568 · Cited by 15
Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles for immunomodulation: Mechanisms and applications
Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Zeng, Y., Luo, X., Chen, J., Deng, Q., Xiao, P., Lin, R., Chen, X., Ding, X., et al. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.09.024 · Cited by 18
Self-citationZhu, Y., Kong, L., Han, T., Yan, Q., & Liu, J. (2023) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.1037 · Cited by 15
Lian, P., Cai, X., Yang, X., Ma, Z., Wang, C., Liu, P., Wu, Y., Cao, X., & Xu, Y. (2024) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-024-01943-8 · Cited by 15
Liao, Z., Zhang, Q., Ren, N., Zhao, H., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418939 · Cited by 15
Fernando, N., Gopalakrishnan, J., Behensky, A. A., Reich, L. N., Liu, C., Bass, V., Bono, M., Montgomery, W., Pace, R. D., Mattapallil, M. J., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533293 · Cited by 15
Su, S., Huang, K., Cai, H., Wei, D., Ding, H., Lin, L., Wang, Y., Gu, J., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156453 · Cited by 14
Immunity in Alzheimer’s disease: From mechanisms to therapies
Chen, X., Holtzman, D. M., & Colonna, M. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2026.02.004 · Cited by 18
Self-citationTargeting immunometabolic pathways for combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease
Erichsen, J. M., & Craft, S. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12423 · Cited by 13
Intruders or protectors – the multifaceted role of B cells in CNS disorders
Aspden, J. W., Murphy, M. A., Kashlan, R. D., Xiong, Y., Poznansky, M. C., & Sîrbulescu, R. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1329823 · Cited by 16
Zhang, H., Bi, F., Zhao, P., Cui, H., Tao, X., Zhang, J., Li, C., Cao, Y., Wang, N., & Li, H. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.119464 · Cited by 15
Plasma proteomic analysis identifies proteins and pathways related to Alzheimer's risk
Huang, Y.-N., Liu, S., Park, T., Chaudhuri, S., Kuchenbecker, L. A., Carrasquillo, M. M., Ertekin‐Taner, N., Bice, P. J., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70579 · Cited by 13
The roles of AIM2 in neurodegenerative diseases: insights and therapeutic implications
Yang, K., Wang, X. L., Pan, H., Wang, X., Hu, Y., Yao, Y.-H., Zhao, X., & Sun, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1441385 · Cited by 15
Rui, W., Wu, Y., Yang, Y., Xie, W., Qin, D., Ming, J., Ye, Z., Liu, L., Zong, M., Tang, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03255-9 · Cited by 15
Microglial CD2AP deficiency exerts protection in an Alzheimer’s disease model of amyloidosis
Zhang, L., Huang, L., Zhou, Y., Meng, J., Zhang, L., Zhou, Y., Zheng, N., Guo, T., Zhao, S., Wang, Z., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-024-00789-7 · Cited by 13
Self-citationAdaptive immunity in the neuroinflammation of Alzheimer’s disease
Liu, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, X. (2025) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003695 · Cited by 13
Self-citationState-specific enhancer landscapes govern microglial plasticity
Hamagami, N., Kapadia, D., Barclay, K. M., Yanlong, H., Abduljawad, N., Cheng, Z., McLaughlin, L., Singhania, D., Ding, X., Yang, J., et al. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.023 · Cited by 20
Unveiling disulfidptosis-related biomarkers and predicting drugs in Alzheimer’s disease
Huang, L., Li, Z., Lv, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Li, Y., & Yu, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70893-7 · Cited by 12
Microglial cGAS deletion protects against amyloid-β induced Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesisPreprint
He, S., Li, X., Mittra, N., Bhattacharjee, A., Wang, H., Zhao, S., Liu, F., & Han, X. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552300 · Cited by 12
Hou, J., Jiang, D., Chu, M. K., & Wu, L. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03347-x · Cited by 12
Liao, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, Z., Liu, P., & He, L. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07324-y · Cited by 11
Kassir, M. F., Lee, H. G., Oleinik, N. V., Wofford, W., Walton, C., Atilgan, F. C., Janneh, A. H., Chakraborty, P., Calisir, K., Percin, E., et al. (2025) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-4740 · Cited by 10
Amyloid-β-driven Alzheimer’s disease reshapes the colonic immune system in mice
Makhijani, P., Valentino, T. R., Manwaring-Mueller, M., Emani, R., Mu, W., Aguirre, C. G., Tan, C. R., Rane, A., Wilson, K. A., Kifle, A., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116109 · Cited by 13
Mechanistic Approach to Immunity and Immunotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review
Islam, M. R., Rabbi, M. A., Hossain, T., Sultana, S., & Uddin, S. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00360 · Cited by 10
β-Amyloids and Immune Responses Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease
Kolobova, E. A., Petrushanko, I. Y., Mitkevich, V. A., Makarov, A. А., & Grigorova, I. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13191624 · Cited by 10
Approaches for studying neuroimmune interactions in Alzheimer’s disease
Lin, C., Tian, Y., Tanzi, R. E., & Jorfi, M. (2024) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2024.10.002 · Cited by 11
Interaction of microglia and T cells: a deadly duo behind Tau-mediated neurodegeneration
Askin, B., & Wegmann, S. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01563-9 · Cited by 10
Ding, Y., Li, S.-Y., Lv, W., Li, L., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y.-J., Zhang, Z., & Lu, X.-W. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04255-9 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, X., & Holtzman, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holtzman, David M.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2236-2254
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9772134
- OpenAlex
- W4308510589
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 47
- FWCI
- 6.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 538 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (RF1AG047644)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS090934)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, microglia, amyloid-beta, tau hyperphosphorylation, genetic risk factors, neuroinflammation, immune niches, immune cell composition, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Microglia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
