Problems with the method of correlated vectors
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Vector correlations can be distorted by subtest sampling in such a way as to yield misleading indications of g-moderated differences.
“vector correlations can be distorted by subtest sampling in such a way as to yield misleading indications of g moderated differences (Ashton & Lee, 2005).”
From A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Ashton & Lee, 2005
A positively signed vector correlation is not necessarily indicative of a g-moderated difference amongst groups.
“A major reason for this is the argument that a positively signed vector cor-relation is not necessarily indicative of a g moderated difference amongst groups.”
From A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Ashton & Lee, 2005
Differences with respect to non-g latent variables (such as group factors) can generate the appearance of g-moderated differences when a battery is sufficiently nomologically unbalanced with respect to the sampling of cognitive domains.
“Differences with respect to non-g latent variables (such as group factors) can generate the appearance of g moderated differences in instances where a battery is sufficiently nomologically unbalanced with respect to the sampling of cognitive domains (Ashton & Lee, 2005;Jensen, 1998).”
From A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Ashton & Lee, 2005
Cites
Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Dolan, C. V. (2000) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3501_2 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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Valentin Kvist, A., & Gustafsson, J.-E. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.08.004 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Score gains on g-loaded tests: No g
te Nijenhuis, J., van Vianen, A. E. M., & van der Flier, H. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.006 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2010) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101003010009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“For example, Dolan et al [59] and Ashton and Lee [60] argue that the method of correlated vectors (MCV) lacks specificity so that Jensen Effects might occur even when differences are not on g, and so more powerful statistics are needed, such as multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA).”
MethodWoodley, M. A., te Nijenhuis, J., Must, O., & Must, A. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.12.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Testing Spearman's hypotheses using a bi-factor model with WAIS-IV/WMS-IV standardization data
Frisby, C. L., & Beaujean, A. A. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Black Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Te Nijenhuis, J., & Van den Hoek, M. (2016) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence4020006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wicherts, J. M. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Warne, R. T. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.0479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis in the United States
Woodley of Menie, M., Peñaherrera-Aguirre, M., & Sarraf, M. (2026) · Intelligence & Cognitive Abilities · doi:10.65550/001c.171909
- Authors
- ASHTON, M., & LEE, K.
- Affiliations
- Brock University (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- ASHTON, M
- LEE, K
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 431-444
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964213280
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- general intelligence, g-loading, vector correlation, spurious correlations
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