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A unitary executive function predicts intelligence in children

Brydges, Christopher R., Reid, Corinne L., Fox, Allison M., Anderson, Mike·2012·Intelligence

DOI 10.1016/j.intell.2012.05.006

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“Finally, some prior studies failed to consider covariates that likely account for a substantial amount of variance, such as IQ, despite evidence suggesting EF and IQ are moderately correlated (Brydges et al., 2012).”
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“Studies with primary school children also reported a structure with a common EF factor (Brydges et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2013) or two EF factors (Lee et al.”
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“Regarding the latter structural dimension of SRL, it has to be consid-ered that at preschool age, the cognitive system is still poorly differentiated (Brydges et al., 2012; Shing, Diamond, & Davidson, 2010), implying that the unity of SRL components or strategies disproportionately may outweigh the diversity of strate…”
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“…between performance on VF tasks and other executive functions, such as working memory (Brocki & Bohlin, 2004; Dias et al., 2013; Filippetti, 2013; Juric et al., 2013), inhibitory control (Brocki & Bohlin, 2004; Filippetti & Allegri, 2011), and planning (Brydges et al., 2012; Juric et al., 2013).”
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“More work is needed to understand these relationships in children and adolescents (Brydges et al., 2012), especially because associations between these abilities change considerably within this developmental period (Brydges et al., 2014; Tideman & Gustafsson, 2004).”
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“…is, EFs in children are unidimensional, but develop through adolescence into early adulthood into a multidimensional construct (Wiebe et al., 2011; Brydges et al., 2012); with advancing age and reaching late adulthood, however, EFs becomemore unidimensional again (Buczylowska et al., 2016;…”
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“…(Robbins et al., 1998), Stroop and Tower tests (Crawford, Bryan, Luszcz, Obonsawin, & Stewart, 2000; Salthouse, 2005), a factor of updating (Friedman et al., 2006), and a unitary executive function comprised of inhibition, working memory and shifting tests (Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012).”
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“We controlled for a host of key demographic and cognitive covariates – age, sex, household income, and nonverbal intelligence – that have been shown to influence children ’ s EF (Brydges et al. 2012; Gestsdottir et al. 2014; Lawson et al., 2017).”
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“[57] conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) on a sample of 215 seven- and nine-year-old children, and found that a unitary EF factor (as opposed to a diverse collection of executive functions) was highly predictive of both fluid and crystallized intelligence.”
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“both fluid and crystallised intelligence (Brydges et al., 2012).”
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“In a related point, several studies suggest that executive functions significantly contribute to levels of intellectual quotient (IQ) [71].”
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“, 2007), or a relationship with fluid intelligence (Brydges et al., 2012).”
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“The study conducted by Brydges et al. (2012) on children also indicates that there is a relationship between executive functions and fluid and crystallized intelligence.”
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“A growing body of research has suggested that that structure of executive functions though early to mid-childhood, up to around the age of 9 years, appears to be unitary (i.e. a one-factor model of executive functioning is the best fit of the data; Brydges, Fox, Reid, & M. Anderson, 2014a; Brydges et al., 2012; Wiebe,…”
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“Some studies have reported separable EF components as early as age 4, while others indicate a unitary factor for EF until about age 10 (Brydges et al., 2012; Shing et al., 2010; Van der Sluis et al., 2007; Wiebe et al., 2011).”
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“Another limitation is the lack of additional direct assessment including autism-specific testing and other assessments that could be related to intelligence, such as executive functions (Brydges et al., 2012).”
Background
Age-related differences in the predictive ability of executive functions for intelligence
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“Introduction Among the different cognitive domains, executive function has been identified as an important (positive) predictor of fluid and crystallised intelligence [1], school readiness [2], academic achievement [3] and mental wellbeing [4].”
Background
Validity of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children (BADS-C) in children and adolescents with pediatric acquired brain injury
Romundstad, B., Solem, S., Brandt, A. E., Hypher, R. E., Risnes, K. R., Rø, T. B., Stubberud, J., & Finnanger, T. G. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2034649 · Cited by 8
“Others have found evidence for associations between general EF and full scale IQ (Brydges et al., 2012).”
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Cómbita, L. M., Voelker, P., Gutiérrez, A. A., Pozuelos, J. P., & Rueda, M. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00026 · Cited by 8
“…the performance of tasks engaging executive attention processing and higher-level EFs are highly correlated with measures of general intelligence (Brydges et al., 2012; Duggan and GarciaBarrera, 2015) and exhibit overlapping patterns of activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Duncan…”
Background
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“The level of executive function in elementary school has been found to be associated with later adaptive behavior, social cognitive understanding, and moral ability, as well as academic achievement (Kochanska et al., 1996; Carlson and Moses, 2001; Bull et al., 2011; Brydges et al., 2012).”
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“Furthermore, the development of fluid intelligence is often compared with the development of other cognitive processes, such as, for example, speed of information processing, working memory, and executive functions (Brydges et al., 2012; Fry & Hale, 2000; Tourva, Spanoudis, & Demetriou, 2016).”
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Causes of academic and behavioral difficulties among Japanese-Brazilian students: cognitive, linguistic and parental education factors
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“Individuals with developmental disorders also have problems with executive functions (Corbett et al. 2009; Pennington and Ozonoff 1996), and executive function as a whole predicts IQ (Brydges et al. 2012), although not all executive tasks are related to IQ (Friedman et al. 2006).”
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“Well-developed EF is known to play a vital role in daily-life functioning, social skills, and intelligence (Brydges et al., 2012; Moriguchi, 2014; Verburgh et al., 2014).”
Decision-making in people with mild intellectual disability: Relations with intelligence and a measure of executive functioning
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“…of studies suggest that there are certain associations between them and that these associations become more visible in clinical populations such as elderly people or neurological patients (Brydges et al., 2012; Friedman et al., 2006; Salthouse et al., 1998; Salthouse et al., 2003).”
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Are Piagetian scales just intelligence tests?
Lasker, J. (2022) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2022.101702 · Cited by 5
Shaping executive function in pre-school: The role of early educational practice
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Lee, J. (2017) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.2.17 · Cited by 5
“예 를 들어 , 억제 (inhibition), 전환능력 (shifting), 최신화 (updating) 가 요인분석을 통해서 실행기능을 설명하는 구성요소로 제 시되었고 (Miyake et al., 2000), 억제 , 인지적 유연성 (cognitive flexibility), 작업 기억 (working memory; Diamond, 2006, 2013; M. J. Lee & Hong, 2006 (Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012).”
Zum Zusammenhang von Verhaltensauffälligkeiten in exekutiven Funktionen und Intelligenzleistungen in der WPPSI-IV
Fiedler, S., Walter, F., Petermann, F., & Daseking, M. (2018) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000255 · Cited by 5
Relationship between Intelligence and Executive Functions in Preschoolers
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PASS neurocognitive assessment of children with autism spectrum disorder
Otero, T. M., & Naglieri, J. A. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22798 · Cited by 6
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He, J., Xu, R., Yang, Y., Hoof, J. V., & Yang, X. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101589 · Cited by 6
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Kaplan, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0067 · Cited by 5
Investigating the Relation of Intelligence and Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with and without Intellectual Disabilities
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“On the one hand, the identified factor might reasonably reflect a superordinate general EF ability that is relevant to all the tasks [10,12,45].”
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Vitamins for Psychological Growth
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0016 · Cited by 4
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Executive functions and intelligence in typically developing children
Buha, N. S., & Gligorović, M. (2016) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh15-12297 · Cited by 4
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Understanding the pathways to text generation: A longitudinal study on executive functions, oral language, and transcription skills from kindergarten to first grade
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“EF functions as a unified construct during the ages of 3 to 8 [52].”

Authors: Brydges, C. R., Reid, C. L., Fox, A. M., & Anderson, M.
Affiliations: The University of Western Australia (AU)
Corresponding author: Brydges, Christopher R.
ORCID: Brydges, Christopher R.
Reid, Corinne L.
Fox, Allison M.
Venue: Intelligence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-09
Volume: 40
Issue: 5
Pages: 458-469
ISSN: 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2012.05.006
OpenAlex: W2070322283
Semantic Scholar: adfc7c2ba98b8ff94ae61868514bfd7c8b2101a0
Cited by: 351
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 22.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Intelligence (publishedVersion)
Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: executive function, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, working memory, updating, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, one-factor model, children, cognitive development

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A unitary executive function predicts intelligence in children

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