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A unitary executive function predicts intelligence in children
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“There is substantial evidence of a significant relationship between general intelligence and performance-based EF measures (Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012;Dennis et al., 2009;Duggan & Garcia-Barrera, 2015;Engelhardt et al., 2016).”
From Assessment of executive function in ADHD adolescents: contribution of performance tests and rating scales (2018) · cites this paper as Brydges et al., 2012
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Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., Rast, P., Hofer, S. M., Iverson, G. L., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000160 · Cited by 637
“…et al., 2010; Lambek & Shevlin, 2011; Lehto et al., 2003; Rose et al., 2012), whereas a smaller set of studies supported a two-factor (k 4; 26.67%; Brocki & Tillman, 2014; Lee et al., 2012, 2013; van der Ven et al., 2013) or one-factor solution (k 3; 20%; Brydges et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2013).”
InfluentialThinking twice about sum scores
McNeish, D., & Wolf, M. G. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01398-0 · Cited by 658
The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age.
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Executive function and metacognition: Towards a unifying framework of cognitive self-regulation
Roebers, C. M. (2017) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.04.001 · Cited by 592
“, 2006; Lee, Pe, Ang, & Stankov, 2009), and this pattern generalizes across a wide age range, from 7-year-olds to adolescents, and for both fluid and crystallized intelligence (Brydges et al., 2012; Friedman et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBagetta (2016) · doi:10.1111/mbe.12100 · Cited by 433
Parental Behaviours Predicting Early Childhood Executive Functions: a Meta-Analysis
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Is bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents born very preterm: a meta‐analysis
Brydges, C. R., Landes, J. K., Reid, C. L., Campbell, C., French, N., & Anderson, M. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13685 · Cited by 258
Self-citationA Hierarchical Model of Inhibitory Control
Tiego, J., Testa, R., Bellgrove, M. A., Pantelis, C., & Whittle, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01339 · Cited by 297
“Evidence for this is suggested by findings that tasks related to executive control tend to coalesce as a single factor in young children, but form a multi-factor construct in adults (Miyake et al., 2000; Wiebe et al., 2008; Allan and Lonigan, 2011; Brydges et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLess-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning
Barker, J. E., Semenov, A. D., Michaelson, L., Provan, L. S., Snyder, H. R., & Munakata, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00593 · Cited by 247
“However, we did control for child vocabulary (an index of crystallized intelligence), which may serve as a proxy for fluid intelligence in testing relationships with EF, given that EF fully mediates the correlation between crystallized and fluid intelligence in 7- years-old (Brydges et al., 2012)12.”
BackgroundBrydges, C. R., Fox, A. M., Reid, C. L., & Anderson, M. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.08.010 · Cited by 210
“Furthermore, it was hypothesised that children in mid-childhood would display a unitary executive function (Brydges et al., 2012), whereas children in late childhood would display increased diversity of executive functions (Lehto et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWade, M., Prime, H., Jenkins, J. M., Yeates, K. O., Williams, T. S., & Lee, K. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1459-0 · Cited by 203
Campbell, S. B. G., Denham, S. A., Howarth, G. Z., Jones, S. M., Whittaker, J. V., Williford, A. P., Willoughby, M. T., Yudron, M., & Darling, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.008 · Cited by 231
Cognitive Advantages of Bilingual Children in Different Sociolinguistic Contexts
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“Other factors have also been proposed to account for the bilingual-monolingual differences in executive function tasks, such as general intelligence (Craik and Bialystok, 2005; Arffa, 2007; Brydges et al., 2012) or culture (Carlson and Choi, 2008; Carlson, 2009).”
Is executive control related to working memory capacity and fluid intelligence?
Rey-Mermet, A., Gade, M., Souza, A. S., von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000593 · Cited by 159
Developmental Differences in the Structure of Executive Function in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Xu, F., Han, Y., Sabbagh, M. A., Wang, T., Ren, X., & Li, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077770 · Cited by 128
“This age range and group division was chosen because it captures the period over which previous studies have suggested that the factor structure of EF changes from having a one-factor structure (7–9 years old) [18,29] to a more diverse structure [25,29].”
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Koerber, S., Mayer, D., Osterhaus, C., Schwippert, K., & Sodian, B. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12298 · Cited by 126
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Executive Function in SLI: Recent Advances and Future Directions
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“On the executive function scales, the median (IQR) number of perseverative errors was 23 (17, 29) and the time to complete the TMT-B scale was 1036 43 s.”
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The structure of working memory and how it relates to intelligence in children
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Strong genetic overlap between executive functions and intelligence.
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Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation
Elliot, A. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0002 · Cited by 91
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Working memory updating and binding training: Bayesian evidence supporting the absence of transfer.
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Δημητρίου, Α., Spanoudis, G. C., Shayer, M., van der Ven, S. H. G., Brydges, C. R., Kroesbergen, E. H., Podjarny, G., & Swanson, H. L. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.013 · Cited by 83
“…Swanson & Kim (2007) Correlations/SD Two waves tested at 7 and 8 years 353 Digit naming, letter naming (speed) Berg (2008) Correlations/SD 8–12 95 As above Brydges et al. (2012) Correlations/SD 7 215 Visual discrimination (speed) incongruent Stroop, and RT to go/no-go tasks (inhibition/control)…”
InfluentialSelf-citationBrydges, C. R., Fox, A. M., Reid, C. L., & Anderson, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00080 · Cited by 94
“Keywords: executive functions, children, working memory, inhibition, cognitive control, ERP, N2, P3”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMaturation of Cognitive Control: Delineating Response Inhibition and Interference Suppression
Brydges, C. R., Anderson, M., Reid, C. L., & Fox, A. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069826 · Cited by 93
“In the past 10–15 years, interest in how inhibition is associated with other executive functions (especially shifting and updating of working memory) has been a particular area of focus [7–9].”
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Cognitive and Emotional Processes as Predictors of a Successful Transition Into School
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“Although measured in the present study using tasks assessing inhibitory control and working memory, executive functioning also involves attentional focusing and flexibility, and research in the preschool years supports the interpretation of a unidimensional construct that incorporates all three aspects (Brydges et al.…”
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“, 2016) or the relation between EFs and general cognitive abilities in preschool children (Ackerman et al., 2005; Brydges et al., 2012; Jewsbury et al., 2016).”
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Executive function and screen‐based media use in preschool children
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Mapping the Dimensions of General Intelligence: An Integrated Differential-Developmental Theory
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“Psychometric g, a factor that captures shared variance in performance across tests of general intelligence, is correlated at or near unity with WMC, reflecting a common reliance on executive attention (Barbey et al., 2012; Brydges et al., 2012; Conway, Kane, & Engle, 2003; Engel de Abreu et al., 2010; Jensen, 2002; Ni…”
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Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review
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Cognitive control under social influence in baboons.
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Developmental Differentiation and Binding of Mental Processes with g through the Life-Span
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Developmental trajectories of executive functions from preschool to kindergarten
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“…childhood (Hughes et al., 2009; Nelson et al., 2016; Wiebeet al., 2008;Wiebeet al., 2011;Willoughbyet al., 2012) andeven into middle childhood (Brydges et al., 2012), then becomes differentiated into the three component components in adolescence (Baggetta &Alexander, 2016; Best &Miller, 2010;…”
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“A further issue relates to whether discrete executive function components are developed enough to be separable in children [2, 3, 21, 66].”
BackgroundExecutive Functioning and Intelligence
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The developmental trinity of mind: Cognizance, executive control, and reasoning
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Coping With Logical Fallacies: A Developmental Training Program for Learning to Reason.
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Early childhood working memory forecasts high school dropout risk
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Do executive functions predict the ability to learn problem-solving principles?
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“In early childhood, executive functioning has been shown to follow a single dimension where the executive domains are undifferentiated (Brydges et al., 2012; Wiebe, Espy, & Charak, 2008; Wiebe et al., 2011).”
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“The relationship between fluid reasoning and EF has been widely researched, and many authors have identified a close association between these two constructs, especially during childhood (Friedman et al., 2006; Brydges et al., 2012; Diamond, 2013).”
BackgroundThe relationship between motor coordination and executive functions in 4th grade children
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“Furthermore, although highly related, executive functions (including inhibition, shifting, and working memory) and intelligence appear to be distinct and separate constructs according to a structural equation model by Brydges et al. (2012).”
BackgroundA cognitive neurogenetic approach to uncovering the structure of executive functions
Feng, J., Zhang, L., Chen, C., Sheng, J., Ye, Z., Feng, K., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Zhu, B., Yu, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32383-0 · Cited by 37
“If they appeared at the top of the screen, the participants were asked to judge if the numberwas odd (1,3,5,7,9) or even (2,4,6,8) and press the button as quickly and correctly as possible.”
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“(2014b) merged time 1 (T1) data from the sample reported here with a previously published dataset (Brydges et al., 2012) to create N2 and P3b latent variables for a structural equation model investigating the relationships between these ERP factors and an EF factor.”
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Genetic and environmental influences on executive functions and intelligence in middle childhood
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The link between impaired theory of mind and executive function in children with cerebral palsy
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Age effects on transfer index performance and executive control in baboons (Papio papio)
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“Accumulative evidence suggests that intelligence correlates in humans with the efficiency of executive functioning (Engle et al., 1999; Brydges et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDevelopmental milestones during the first three years as precursors of adult intelligence.
Flensborg‐Madsen, T., & Mortensen, E. L. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000545 · Cited by 27
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Pragmatic Ability Deficit in Schizophrenia and Associated Theory of Mind and Executive Function
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“In a study about the unity and diversity of intelligence and executive functions in children between 7 and 9 years of age, a similar result was found (Brydges et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPredicting visual working memory with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging
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“As for external capsule, it is considered associated with executive functions (Mayo et al., 2019; Nolze-Charron et al., 2020), and both VWM and FI are known to be correlated with executive functions (Brown et al., 2012; Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012; Garlick & Sejnowski, 2006).”
BackgroundThe relationship between executive functioning and self‐regulated learning in Australian children
Davis, H. L., Valcan, D. S., & Pino‐Pasternak, D. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12391 · Cited by 30
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First publication of subtests in the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, WISC-V, and WPPSI-IV
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Approche développementale des fonctions exécutives : du bébé à l’adolescence
Fourneret, P., & Portes, V. D. (2016) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2016.10.003 · Cited by 23
Are there distinct cognitive and motivational sub-groups of children with ADHD?
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“Age, SES, and IQ were entered as covariates as they have each been associated with neuropsychological performance (Brydges et al. 2012; Hackman et al. 2015).”
MethodGer, E., & Roebers, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11040064 · Cited by 25
Mücke, M., Andrä, C., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., & Ludyga, S. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1326619 · Cited by 23
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Same, Same but Different? A Multi-Method Review of the Processes Underlying Executive Control
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“…taxonomies of executive functions and propose that lower dimensionality might better account for adults’ performances (e.g., Fournier-Vicente et al., 2008), while unidimensional models would be more suited for performances observed in child or adolescent samples (e.g., Brydges et al., 2012).”
Working memory updating as a predictor of academic attainment
Lechuga, M. T., Pelegrina, S., Peláez-Alfonso, J. L., Martín‐Puga, M. E., & Justicia‐Galiano, M. J. (2014) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2014.950193 · Cited by 24
“In particular, WMU has been shown to be a critical factor in predicting performance on crystallised (Brydges, Reid, Fox, & Anderson, 2012) and fluid intelligence in children (e.g. Belacchi, Carretti, & Cornoldi, 2010; Brydges et al., 2012; Duan, Wei, Wang, & Shi, 2010).”
BackgroundPatterning, Reading, and Executive Functions
Bock, A. M., Cartwright, K. B., McKnight, P. E., Patterson, A. B., Shriver, A., Leaf, B. M., Mohtasham, M. K., Vennergrund, K. C., & Pasnak, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01802 · Cited by 25
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Inference, Reconceptualization, Insight, and Efficiency Along Intellectual Growth: A General Theory
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brydges, C. R., Reid, C. L., Fox, A. M., & Anderson, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Brydges, Christopher R.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 458-469
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070322283
- Semantic Scholar
- adfc7c2ba98b8ff94ae61868514bfd7c8b2101a0
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 22.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- executive function, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, working memory, updating, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, one-factor model, children, cognitive development
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