Cited by 237Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFace Recognition and PerceptionChild and Animal Learning Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 48 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children

Open access

Rice, Katherine, Moriuchi, Jennifer M., Jones, Warren, Klin, Ami·2012·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.017PMC PMC3306820

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Abstract

Objective To examine patterns of variability in social visual engagement and their relationship to standardized measures of social disability in a heterogeneous sample of school-aged children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Method Eye-tracking measures of visual fixation during free-viewing of dynamic social scenes were obtained for 109 children with ASD (mean age, 10.2 ± 3.2 years), 37 of whom were matched with 26 typically-developing (TD) children (mean age, 9.5 ± 2.2 years) on gender, age, and IQ. The smaller subset allowed between-group comparisons, whereas the larger group was used for within-group examinations of ASD heterogeneity.Results Between-group comparisons revealed significantly attenuated orientation to socially salient aspects of the scenes, with the largest effect size (Cohen's d = 1.5) obtained for reduced fixation on faces. Within-group analyses revealed a robust association between higher fixation on the inanimate environment and greater social disability. However, the associations between fixation on the eyes and mouth and social adaptation varied greatly, even reversing, when comparing different cognitive profile subgroups.Conclusions Although patterns of social visual engagement with naturalistic social stimuli are profoundly altered in children with ASD, the social adaptivity of these behaviors varies for different groups of children. This variation likely represents different patterns of adaptation and maladaptation that should be traced longitudinally to the first years of life, before complex interactions between early predispositions and compensatory learning take place. We propose that variability in these early mechanisms of socialization may serve as proximal behavioral manifestations of genetic vulnerabilities.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Eye-tracking in school-age children with ASD showed altered visual engagement with dynamic social scenes, especially reduced face fixation, but the link between fixation patterns and social disability varied by cognitive profile. The authors argue this heterogeneity reflects different adaptive and maladaptive social-learning strategies rather than a single ASD visual phenotype.

Key findings

In matched samples (37 ASD vs. 26 TD), ASD children spent less time fixating eyes (30.9% vs. 41.1%) and mouth (17.5% vs. 24.6%), and more time on body (27.6% vs. 19.0%) and objects (24.0% vs. 15.3%); face fixation was 48.4% vs. 65.7% (Cohen’s d=1.5).
In the full ASD sample (N=109), higher object fixation was associated with greater social disability (r=.245, p=.014), while eyes and mouth fixation were weakly related to social disability (r=−.183, p<.1; r=−.135, p=.179).
Cognitive profile moderated these relationships: in the VIQ Split group (N=18), higher mouth looking predicted lower social disability (r=−.65, p=.013), whereas in the Higher Even FSIQ group (FSIQ ≥ 98), higher mouth looking predicted greater social disability (r=.473, p<.01); these correlations differed significantly (z=−3.56, p<.001).
FSIQ moderated the mouth-looking/social-disability relationship in even-IQ children (interaction β=.51, p=.008; model R²=17.8%), with the correlation becoming significant only at FSIQ ≥ 98 by Johnson-Neyman analysis.

Methods

Children viewed two 5–7 minute dynamic social films while eye-tracking measured percent fixation time on eyes, mouth, body, and object regions of interest.
Participants were 109 children with ASD (mean age 10.2 ± 3.2 years) and 26 TD children (mean age 9.5 ± 2.2 years); a subset of 37 ASD children was matched to TD controls on gender, age, and IQ for between-group comparisons, while the full ASD sample was used for within-group heterogeneity analyses.
Social disability was measured with the ADOS Calibrated Severity Score; IQ was measured with the Differential Abilities Scale–Second Edition. Analyses included t-tests, correlations, hierarchical multiple regression, and Johnson-Neyman probing of moderation.

Limitations

The authors state the sample is essentially non-intellectually disabled, so results do not generalize to intellectually disabled children with ASD; subgroup sizes were small, limiting power; and the IQ subgroupings are intended as suggestive, not definitive.
The authors also note that other variables, such as communicative competence, may moderate the fixation–social adaptation relationship, and that the association does not establish directionality.
Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and correlational, with multiple subgroup correlations, and the stimuli are paradigm-specific, so absolute fixation percentages may not be comparable across eye-tracking studies.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.017

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 48 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the associations between fixation on the eyes and mouth and social adaptation varied greatly, even reversing, when comparing different cognitive profile subgroups.”
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles? · plain
  “Within this group, there was a significant relationship between visual fixation and ADOS severity scores (r=−.65, p=.013)—higher mouth looking predicted lower social disability, accounting for over 40% of the variance in ADOS scores (Figure 3).”
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles? · plain
  “However, eyes-looking was not predictive of disability (r=.10, p=.73).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 18
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between-group comparisons revealed significantly attenuated orientation to socially salient aspects of the scenes, with the largest effect size (Cohen’s d=1.5) obtained for reduced fixation on faces.”
- Also stated in: § Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI) · plain
  “The ASD group and TD group, matched on age and IQ, had significantly different visual fixation times on all ROIs (eyes, mouth, body and object) (Figure 2).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-group analyses revealed a robust association between higher fixation on the inanimate environment and greater social disability.”
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Patterns of Visual Fixation Time as Predictors of Social Disability · plain
  “In this larger and more heterogeneous sample of ASD school-age children, the association between higher object fixation and higher social disability was significant (r=.245; p=.014), although the effect size was small.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 109
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and more on the body [27.6% (7.3) vs. 19.0% (4.4), respectively, t61= 5.37, p<.001]”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between object-looking and ADOS severity scores failed to reach significance (r=.32, p=.27), but this may have been due to the small sample size of this subgroup.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 18
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.

Show all 83 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 24
Probably not a substantial claim. 17

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this group did not significantly differ from the VIQ Split group on FSIQ or on the percentage of fixation time spent on the eyes, mouth or objects”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 30
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this larger and more heterogeneous sample of ASD school-age children, the association between higher object fixation and higher social disability was significant (r=.245; p=.014), although the effect size was small.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Patterns of Visual Fixation Time as Predictors of Social Disability
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 109
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within this group, there was a significant relationship between visual fixation and ADOS severity scores (r=−.65, p=.013)—higher mouth looking predicted lower social disability, accounting for over 40% of the variance in ADOS scores (Figure 3).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 18
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Typically, results indicated less fixation time on the eyes region of the face 10-13, with more variation in fixation on the mouth region; some studies found increased fixation on the mouth region of the face 12 whereas others found no differences in this regard 10,11.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Pelphrey, 2002, Visual scanning of faces in autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Dalton, 2005, Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism, Nat Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Spezio, 2007, Abnormal use of facial information in high-functioning autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Spezio, 2007, Analysis of face gaze in autism using “bubbles”, Neuropsychologia source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Genotypic heterogeneity has proved equally baffling, with unique identified mutations accounting for only a small number of cases 4-5.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Abrahams, 2008, Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology, Nat Rev Genet source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Weiss, 2008, Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism, N Engl J Med source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is in this context that developmental cognitive science may provide the necessary bridge between molecular pathobiology and clinical behavior 6-7.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Landis, 2008, The “neuro” in neurogenetics, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Meyer-Lindenberg, 2006, Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders, Nat Rev Neurosci source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Instead, increased fixation on the mouth region was a strong predictor of lower levels of social disability and higher levels of social ability.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Klin, 2002, Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adults with autism focused two times less on the eyes region of faces while focusing two times more on the mouth relative to controls.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Klin, 2002, Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, however, this literature is consistent with Langdell’s 14 original hypothesis: individuals with autism show attenuated reliance on information from the eyes region of the face and, at least in some situations, over-reliance on information from the mouth region of the face when performing structured viewing tasks (e.g., recognition of face identity or emotional expressions).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Langdell, 1978, Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of autism, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The profile may be linked to specific genetic loci 26 and neurophysiological differences 27 in ASD.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Chapman, 2011, Genome-scan for IQ discrepancy in autism: evidence for loci on chromosomes 10 and 16, Hum Genet source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Tager-Flusberg, 2003, Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the rare case of disagreement between ADOS and ADI-R criteria, as a widely accepted gold standard, the clinician-assigned, best estimate diagnosis took priority 34,35.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Chawarska, 2007, Autism spectrum disorder in the second year: stability and change in syndrome expression, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Lord, 2005, Diagnostic instruments in autistic spectrum disorders
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All children passed by saccading to a target within 500 milliseconds and maintaining stable foveation with less than 5°/sec of drift for at least 1 second 37.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Stimuli
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Leigh, 1999
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not unexpected: the past studies used mostly close-ups on faces, whereas the current stimuli portrayed whole individuals.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The dynamic social scenes used in the eye-tracking task approximate children's everyday social experiences.
In the paper
“Given the wide range of ADOS modules used in this large sample (Modules 2, 3, and 4), we used the ADOS Calibrated Severity Score 32 (higher scores denote more severe autistic symptomatology), a measure standardized across modules.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Gotham, 2009, Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“so much learning is accomplished through shared experiences with others and that communication is by definition a social adaptive function 19.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Klin, 2003, The enactive mind—from actions to cognition: lessons from autism, Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The search for successful endophenotypic constructs is more likely to succeed through studies of infants and a focus on evolutionarily highly conserved and developmentally early emerging social adaptive skills 20.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Klin, 2009, Two-year-olds with autism fail to orient towards human biological motion but attend instead to non-social, physical contingencies, Nature source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

36 of 36

The paper relies on this without support.
The dynamic social scenes used in the eye-tracking task approximate children's everyday social experiences.
“These were intended to reflect everyday experiences of this age group”
“targeting a defining symptom of the condition within an experimental setup that approximates their everyday social experiences”
The paper relies on this without support.
The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
“Eye movements identified as fixations were coded relative to four regions-of-interest (ROIs) that were defined within all video stimuli: eyes, mouth, body (neck, shoulders, and contours around eyes and mouth such as hair), and object (surrounding inanimate stimuli) (Figure 1b).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Prior research on school-age ASD children has identified cognitive profiles as helpful for parsing heterogeneity.
“Past studies of school-age children with ASD have highlighted profiles of cognitive functioning as useful in parsing heterogeneity in the disorder.”

3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Consistentz = -2.15reported p = .031 · recomputed p = .032
“(z=−2.15, p = .031”
Consistentz = -3.56reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z=−3.56, p < .001”

2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Discussion reverses the higher-IQ group's mouth-looking association
Major
The discussion says higher mouth fixation was associated with lower social disability in the Higher Even FSIQ group. The results report the opposite: higher mouth-looking was significantly associated with greater social disability in that group.
Full ASD sample's age summary conflicts with subgroup ages
Minor
The stated 72- and 37-child subgroup age means yield a mean of about 10.09 years for all 109 children, which rounds to 10.1 rather than the abstract's 10.2. Their reported standard deviations also imply a combined standard deviation of about 2.8 years, not 3.2.

2 of 2

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“En particulier, ceux ayant plus de difficultés socio-émotionnelles et/ou communicatives et/ou des troubles plus sévères seraient moins attirés par le social (Falck-Ytter et al., 2010; Ostfield, 2009; Rice et al., 2012; Sasson et al., 2008).”
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“Studies using broader animacy-related materials have also reported reduced attention to such stimuli in ASD (Frazier et al., 2017; Klin et al., 2002; Klin et al., 2009; Rice et al., 2012).”
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Griffin, J. W., Shic, F., Naples, A. J., Dommer, K. J., Dawson, G., Faja, S., Jeste, S., Kleinhans, N. M., Dziura, J. D., Sugar, C. A., et al. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70356

Authors: Rice, K., Moriuchi, J. M., Jones, W., & Klin, A.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Corresponding author: Klin, Ami
ORCID: Klin, Ami
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 238-248
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.017
PMC: PMC3306820
OpenAlex: W2082605724
Cited by: 237
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 10.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0532610)
Emory University
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
National Institutes of Health (5r01hd042127-04)
School of Medicine, Emory University
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD042127, R01HD42127)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, eye tracking, social dysfunction, social adaptation, within-group variation, school-aged children, genetic susceptibility
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Eye Movements, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Motion Pictures, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Development, Photic Stimulation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Social Adjustment, Visual Perception

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Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children

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