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Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine patterns of variability in social visual engagement and their relationship to standardized measures of social disability in a heterogeneous sample of school-aged children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Method Eye-tracking measures of visual fixation during free-viewing of dynamic social scenes were obtained for 109 children with ASD (mean age, 10.2 ± 3.2 years), 37 of whom were matched with 26 typically-developing (TD) children (mean age, 9.5 ± 2.2 years) on gender, age, and IQ. The smaller subset allowed between-group comparisons, whereas the larger group was used for within-group examinations of ASD heterogeneity.Results Between-group comparisons revealed significantly attenuated orientation to socially salient aspects of the scenes, with the largest effect size (Cohen's d = 1.5) obtained for reduced fixation on faces. Within-group analyses revealed a robust association between higher fixation on the inanimate environment and greater social disability. However, the associations between fixation on the eyes and mouth and social adaptation varied greatly, even reversing, when comparing different cognitive profile subgroups.Conclusions Although patterns of social visual engagement with naturalistic social stimuli are profoundly altered in children with ASD, the social adaptivity of these behaviors varies for different groups of children. This variation likely represents different patterns of adaptation and maladaptation that should be traced longitudinally to the first years of life, before complex interactions between early predispositions and compensatory learning take place. We propose that variability in these early mechanisms of socialization may serve as proximal behavioral manifestations of genetic vulnerabilities.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Eye-tracking in school-age children with ASD showed altered visual engagement with dynamic social scenes, especially reduced face fixation, but the link between fixation patterns and social disability varied by cognitive profile. The authors argue this heterogeneity reflects different adaptive and maladaptive social-learning strategies rather than a single ASD visual phenotype.
Key findings
- In matched samples (37 ASD vs. 26 TD), ASD children spent less time fixating eyes (30.9% vs. 41.1%) and mouth (17.5% vs. 24.6%), and more time on body (27.6% vs. 19.0%) and objects (24.0% vs. 15.3%); face fixation was 48.4% vs. 65.7% (Cohen’s d=1.5).
- In the full ASD sample (N=109), higher object fixation was associated with greater social disability (r=.245, p=.014), while eyes and mouth fixation were weakly related to social disability (r=−.183, p<.1; r=−.135, p=.179).
- Cognitive profile moderated these relationships: in the VIQ Split group (N=18), higher mouth looking predicted lower social disability (r=−.65, p=.013), whereas in the Higher Even FSIQ group (FSIQ ≥ 98), higher mouth looking predicted greater social disability (r=.473, p<.01); these correlations differed significantly (z=−3.56, p<.001).
- FSIQ moderated the mouth-looking/social-disability relationship in even-IQ children (interaction β=.51, p=.008; model R²=17.8%), with the correlation becoming significant only at FSIQ ≥ 98 by Johnson-Neyman analysis.
Methods
- Children viewed two 5–7 minute dynamic social films while eye-tracking measured percent fixation time on eyes, mouth, body, and object regions of interest.
- Participants were 109 children with ASD (mean age 10.2 ± 3.2 years) and 26 TD children (mean age 9.5 ± 2.2 years); a subset of 37 ASD children was matched to TD controls on gender, age, and IQ for between-group comparisons, while the full ASD sample was used for within-group heterogeneity analyses.
- Social disability was measured with the ADOS Calibrated Severity Score; IQ was measured with the Differential Abilities Scale–Second Edition. Analyses included t-tests, correlations, hierarchical multiple regression, and Johnson-Neyman probing of moderation.
Limitations
- The authors state the sample is essentially non-intellectually disabled, so results do not generalize to intellectually disabled children with ASD; subgroup sizes were small, limiting power; and the IQ subgroupings are intended as suggestive, not definitive.
- The authors also note that other variables, such as communicative competence, may moderate the fixation–social adaptation relationship, and that the association does not establish directionality.
- Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and correlational, with multiple subgroup correlations, and the stimuli are paradigm-specific, so absolute fixation percentages may not be comparable across eye-tracking studies.
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56 Own result · 32 Not checked yet · 21 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the associations between fixation on the eyes and mouth and social adaptation varied greatly, even reversing, when comparing different cognitive profile subgroups.”
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles? · plain
“Within this group, there was a significant relationship between visual fixation and ADOS severity scores (r=−.65, p=.013)—higher mouth looking predicted lower social disability, accounting for over 40% of the variance in ADOS scores (Figure 3).”
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles? · plain
“However, eyes-looking was not predictive of disability (r=.10, p=.73).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 18 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles? · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between-group comparisons revealed significantly attenuated orientation to socially salient aspects of the scenes, with the largest effect size (Cohen’s d=1.5) obtained for reduced fixation on faces.”
- Also stated in: § Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI) · plain
“The ASD group and TD group, matched on age and IQ, had significantly different visual fixation times on all ROIs (eyes, mouth, body and object) (Figure 2).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
- Also stated in: § Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-group analyses revealed a robust association between higher fixation on the inanimate environment and greater social disability.”
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Patterns of Visual Fixation Time as Predictors of Social Disability · plain
“In this larger and more heterogeneous sample of ASD school-age children, the association between higher object fixation and higher social disability was significant (r=.245; p=.014), although the effect size was small.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelationaln = 109 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
- Also stated in: § Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Patterns of Visual Fixation Time as Predictors of Social Disability · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and more on the body [27.6% (7.3) vs. 19.0% (4.4), respectively, t61= 5.37, p<.001]”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two correlations were significantly different from each other (z=−3.56, p<.001).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for the Lower Even FSIQ group, there was no significant relationship (r=−.083, p=.67)”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 72 children had, on average, FSIQs and VIQs about fifteen points lower than the matched ASD subset.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-Age Children with ASD (N=109): Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROIs)
plainn = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there was a main effect of FSIQ on ADOS scores (β=−.03, p=.03)”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plaincorrelationaln = 61 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the interaction term FSIQ × Mouth Looking was also significant (β=.51, p=.008).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between object-looking and ADOS severity scores failed to reach significance (r=.32, p=.27), but this may have been due to the small sample size of this subgroup.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
hedgedn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 72 children removed were comparable to the 37 used in the matched comparison in regards to gender ratio (Male/Female, 53/19 and 30/7, respectively) and chronological age (years, mean (sd), 10.02 (2.33) and 10.22 (3.53), respectively). Using the ADOS-derived severity score to assess autistic symptomatology, the two groups also had comparable levels of social disability (6.75 (2.48) and 7.45 (2.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
plainn = 109- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this group did not significantly differ from the VIQ Split group on FSIQ or on the percentage of fixation time spent on the eyes, mouth or objects”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regards to IQ scores, Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) was significantly lower for the N=72 excluded ASD children relative to the ASD subset (88.71 (19.85) and 112.03 (15.23), respectively, p<.001), as was Verbal IQ (VIQ) (88.54 (19.69) and 111.35 (16.30), respectively, p<.001), and Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) (92.31 (19.44) and 111.35 (14.51), respectively, p<.001).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
plainn = 72 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for blinks, 26.06 (23.77), 48.24 (38.36), 38.54 (27.01), respectively, F2,132=7.44, p<.001; and for off-screen fixations, 45.47 (40.17), 19.24 (24.97), 8.44 (13.74), respectively, F2,132=15.56, p<.001”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Data Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this larger and more heterogeneous sample of ASD school-age children, the association between higher object fixation and higher social disability was significant (r=.245; p=.014), although the effect size was small.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Patterns of Visual Fixation Time as Predictors of Social Disability
plaincorrelationaln = 109 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within this group, there was a significant relationship between visual fixation and ADOS severity scores (r=−.65, p=.013)—higher mouth looking predicted lower social disability, accounting for over 40% of the variance in ADOS scores (Figure 3).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plaincorrelationaln = 18 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The full sample of N=109 ASD school-age children covered a relatively wide distribution in age (± 1SD, ~ 7 to 13 years), IQ (± 1SD, FSIQ of ~ 75 to 118), and severity of autism 32 (± 1SD, ADOS Severity Score of ~ 4.5 to 9.5).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
plainn = 109- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children with ASD focused less on eyes and mouth regions and more on body and object regions.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither lower eyes nor lower mouth percent fixation was significantly associated with higher levels of social disability in the full ASD group”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“despite comparable levels of percent fixation on the mouth regions overall, higher mouth fixation predicted higher social disability in the children with higher FSIQ and an even IQ profile and lower social disability in the children with the VIQ split.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This Higher Even FSIQ group also had stronger relationships between less eyes-looking and greater social disability compared to children with Lower Even FSIQ, though these differences were not significant.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Typically, results indicated less fixation time on the eyes region of the face 10-13, with more variation in fixation on the mouth region; some studies found increased fixation on the mouth region of the face 12 whereas others found no differences in this regard 10,11.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Pelphrey, 2002, Visual scanning of faces in autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Dalton, 2005, Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism, Nat Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Spezio, 2007, Abnormal use of facial information in high-functioning autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Spezio, 2007, Analysis of face gaze in autism using “bubbles”, Neuropsychologia source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Genotypic heterogeneity has proved equally baffling, with unique identified mutations accounting for only a small number of cases 4-5.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is in this context that developmental cognitive science may provide the necessary bridge between molecular pathobiology and clinical behavior 6-7.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Instead, increased fixation on the mouth region was a strong predictor of lower levels of social disability and higher levels of social ability.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Klin, 2002, Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adults with autism focused two times less on the eyes region of faces while focusing two times more on the mouth relative to controls.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Klin, 2002, Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, however, this literature is consistent with Langdell’s 14 original hypothesis: individuals with autism show attenuated reliance on information from the eyes region of the face and, at least in some situations, over-reliance on information from the mouth region of the face when performing structured viewing tasks (e.g., recognition of face identity or emotional expressions).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Langdell, 1978, Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of autism, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The profile may be linked to specific genetic loci 26 and neurophysiological differences 27 in ASD.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two groups were matched on both VIQ (t47=1.25, p=.22) and level of social disability (t47=−.527, p=.57).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All aspects of the experimental protocol were performed by personnel blind to diagnostic status of child. Most aspects of data acquisition and all aspects of coding, processing, and data summary were automated to ensure separation between the diagnostic characterization protocol and the experimental protocol.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Data Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this study, however, the focus is on valid, analyzed fixation data, which were comparable across all groups.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Data Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there was a wide range in FSIQ (42-149), the overall level of cognitive functioning of the full ASD sample was still relatively high.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
plainn = 109- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the rare case of disagreement between ADOS and ADI-R criteria, as a widely accepted gold standard, the clinician-assigned, best estimate diagnosis took priority 34,35.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Chawarska, 2007, Autism spectrum disorder in the second year: stability and change in syndrome expression, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Lord, 2005, Diagnostic instruments in autistic spectrum disorders
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A subset (N=37) of the entire ASD sample was matched to the TD group on gender ratio, chronological age, FSIQ, VIQ, and NVIQ.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
plainn = 37- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“All children passed by saccading to a target within 500 milliseconds and maintaining stable foveation with less than 5°/sec of drift for at least 1 second 37.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Stimuli
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Leigh, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not unexpected: the past studies used mostly close-ups on faces, whereas the current stimuli portrayed whole individuals.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Matched ASD (N=37) and TD (N=26) samples: Visual Fixation Time on Regions-of-Interest (ROI)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The dynamic social scenes used in the eye-tracking task approximate children's everyday social experiences.
In the paper
“Given the wide range of ADOS modules used in this large sample (Modules 2, 3, and 4), we used the ADOS Calibrated Severity Score 32 (higher scores denote more severe autistic symptomatology), a measure standardized across modules.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Gotham, 2009, Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The system was mounted unobstrusively on the bill of a baseball cap and utilized a target-tracking method that enables highly accurate eye-tracking without having to restrain the participant’s head (accuracy within ± 0.3° over a ± 20° horizontal and vertical range).”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Experimental Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without dynamic stimuli and the accompanying audio, the mouth-language pairing present in naturalistic social interaction would be absent.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this is essentially a non-intellectually disabled sample of children with ASD. Thus, our results do not generalize to the population of intellectually disabled children with ASD.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plainn = 109- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in Higher Even FSIQ children mouth looking was associated with a detriment in social adaptation; in VIQ split children mouth looking was associated with an enhancement in social adaptation.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for some children at least, an attempt to normalize their social behavior may not contribute to increased social adaptation.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this association does not necessarily imply directionality.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“so much learning is accomplished through shared experiences with others and that communication is by definition a social adaptive function 19.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Klin, 2003, The enactive mind—from actions to cognition: lessons from autism, Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our evaluation of the difference between these coefficients was based on sample size and strength of association, values which are independent of our significance threshold.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The search for successful endophenotypic constructs is more likely to succeed through studies of infants and a focus on evolutionarily highly conserved and developmentally early emerging social adaptive skills 20.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Klin, 2009, Two-year-olds with autism fail to orient towards human biological motion but attend instead to non-social, physical contingencies, Nature source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The dynamic social scenes used in the eye-tracking task approximate children's everyday social experiences.
“These were intended to reflect everyday experiences of this age group”
“targeting a defining symptom of the condition within an experimental setup that approximates their everyday social experiences”
The paper relies on this without support.
The regions-of-interest (eyes, mouth, body, object) meaningfully capture social versus inanimate aspects of the scenes.
“Eye movements identified as fixations were coded relative to four regions-of-interest (ROIs) that were defined within all video stimuli: eyes, mouth, body (neck, shoulders, and contours around eyes and mouth such as hair), and object (surrounding inanimate stimuli) (Figure 1b).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Prior research on school-age ASD children has identified cognitive profiles as helpful for parsing heterogeneity.
“Past studies of school-age children with ASD have highlighted profiles of cognitive functioning as useful in parsing heterogeneity in the disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Patients with ASD have been shown to have altered gaze patterns and reduced attention to social imagery45–47.”
From Effect of age and autism spectrum disorder on oxytocin receptor density in the human basal forebrain and midbrain (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that infants, toddlers and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) all show disrupted patterns of eye movements in response to images/videos of human faces or naturalistic social scenes, including avoidance of the eye region of faces, atypical fixation targets to the nonsocial aspects of social scenes and a lack of attentional bias toward faces, as measured by faster sacc”
From Comparative Perspectives on Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Research in Rodents and Primates: Translational Implications (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“In humans, the majority of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders show disruption in the use of eyes and eye contact during social interactions [38-42].”
From Neurons in the Monkey Amygdala Detect Eye Contact during Naturalistic Social Interactions (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = -2.15reported p = .031 · recomputed p = .032
“(z=−2.15, p = .031”
- Consistentz = -3.56reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z=−3.56, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Discussion
“Higher mouth fixation and lower social disability were significantly more strongly correlated for children with Higher Even FSIQ.”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Results > Full Sample of School-age Children with ASD (N=109): Do Visual Fixation Patterns Predict Levels of Social Disability Differently in Individuals with Different Cognitive Profiles?
“for the Higher Even FSIQ group, higher mouth-looking was significantly associated with greater social disability (r=.473, p<.01)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Abstract > Method
“109 children with ASD (mean age=10.2 ± 3.2 years)”
§ Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children > Method > Participants
“chronological age (years, mean (sd), 10.02 (2.33) and 10.22 (3.53), respectively)”
Citations
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Standardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Social attention in ASD: A review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking studies
Chita-Tegmark, M. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.011 · Cited by 530
Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies
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Atypical Visual Saliency in Autism Spectrum Disorder Quantified through Model-Based Eye Tracking
Wang, S., Jiang, M. X., Duchesne, X. M., Laugeson, E. A., Kennedy, D. P., Adolphs, R., & Zhao, Q. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.042 · Cited by 377
“1 28”
Early identification of autism spectrum disorders
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., & Garon, N. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.004 · Cited by 370
“[93] proposed that atypical patterns of social attention to dynamic social scenes taken in natural settings (e.”
BackgroundThe “Eye Avoidance” Hypothesis of Autism Face Processing
Tanaka, J. W., & Sung, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1976-7 · Cited by 339
“When viewing a dynamic social scene, Rice et al. (2012) found that visual fixation time on the mouth positively correlated with social disability for children with similar verbal and non-verbal IQ scores.”
Eye tracking in early autism research
Falck‐Ytter, T., Bölte, S., & Gredebäck, G. (2013) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-28 · Cited by 339
Papagiannopoulou, E. A., Chitty, K. M., Hermens, D. F., Hickie, I. B., & Lagopoulos, J. (2014) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.934966 · Cited by 286
“…semi-structured live interactions (Noris et al., 2011); (8) free-viewing tasks (Chawarska et al., 2013); (9) free viewing of dynamic social scenes (Rice et al., 2012); (10) scanning of social stimuli (Dalton, Nacewicz, Alexander, & Davidson, 2007); and (11) cartoon-like images containing social…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSpeech Disturbs Face Scanning in 6-Month-Old Infants Who Develop Autism Spectrum Disorder
Shic, F., Macari, S., & Chawarska, K. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.009 · Cited by 221
Freeman, S. M., & Young, L. J. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12382 · Cited by 196
“It has been shown that infants, toddlers and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) all show disrupted patterns of eye movements in response to images/videos of human faces or naturalistic social scenes, including avoidance of the eye region of faces, atypical fixation targets to the nonsocial aspects of soci…”
BackgroundBiomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: the old and the new
Ruggeri, B., Sarkans, U., Schumann, G., & Persico, A. M. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3290-7 · Cited by 199
Wang, X., Xu, Q., Bey, A. L., Lee, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-30 · Cited by 173
“Considerable clinical heterogeneity in ASD has been well documented [40-42], although the cause underlying this heterogeneity remains largely unknown.”
BackgroundRETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline
Holmqvist, K., Örbom, S. L., Hooge, I. T. C., Niehorster, D. C., Alexander, R. G., Andersson, R., Benjamins, J. S., Blignaut, P. J., Brouwer, A.-M., Chuang, L. L., et al. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8 · Cited by 169
“One often-reported finding is differences in gaze behaviour to the eyes of a face between individuals with and without an ASD diagnosis (e.g. Dalton et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2008, 2013; Klin et al., 2002; Rice et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRetractedNeurons in the Monkey Amygdala Detect Eye Contact during Naturalistic Social Interactions
Mosher, C. P., Zimmerman, P. E., & Gothard, K. M. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.063 · Cited by 154
“In humans, the majority of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders show disruption in the use of eyes and eye contact during social interactions [38–42].”
Evaluating Posed and Evoked Facial Expressions of Emotion from Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Faso, D. J., Sasson, N. J., & Pinkham, A. E. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2194-7 · Cited by 165
“Whether facial affect differs as a function of symptom severity and/or age remains an open question, though such differences may be likely given the heterogeneity of symptom expression in ASD (Rice et al. 2012; Szatmari 1999).”
BackgroundNeonatal Transitions in Social Behavior and Their Implications for Autism
Shultz, S., Klin, A., & Jones, W. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.012 · Cited by 152
Self-citationMcIntyre, N. S., Solari, E. J., Grimm, R. P., Lerro, L., Gonzales, J. E., & Mundy, P. C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3029-0 · Cited by 149
“There are many approaches to studying heterogeneity in ASD including, for example, the study of differences in social engagement (Wing and Gould 1979), differences in social attention (Rice et al. 2012), differences in executive function (Tager-Flusberg and Joseph 2003; Geurts et al.”
MethodAttention Allocation in ASD: a Review and Meta-analysis of Eye-Tracking Studies
Chita-Tegmark, M. (2016) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-016-0077-x · Cited by 127
“2015) and decreased (Rice et al. 2012; Sterling et al. 2008) attention and no statistically significant differences in attention to this AOI”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWashington, P. Y., Park, N., Srivastava, P., Voss, C., Kline, A., Varma, M., Tariq, Q., Kalantarian, H., Schwartz, J. N., Patnaik, R., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.11.015 · Cited by 95
“Eye tracking has also recorded reduced fixation on faces in children with autism (101).”
BackgroundBlink Rate Patterns Provide a Reliable Measure of Individual Engagement with Scene Content
Ranti, C., JONES, W. R., Klin, A., & Shultz, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64999-x · Cited by 119
Self-citationHessels, R. S., Holleman, G. A., Cornelissen, T. H. W., Hooge, I. T. C., & Kemner, C. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.062917 · Cited by 96
“, 2005), school-aged children (Rice et al., 2012) and toddlers (Jones et al.”
BackgroundFace Perception and Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Webb, S. J., Neuhaus, E., & Faja, S. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1151059 · Cited by 105
“Children with ASD, in contrast, show reduced attention to faces and increased attention to non-face images within dynamic social scenes (Rice, Moriuchi, Jones, & Klin, 2012).”
Unimpaired Attentional Disengagement and Social Orienting in Children With Autism
Fischer, J., Koldewyn, K., Jiang, Y. V., & Kanwisher, N. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613496242 · Cited by 93
Freeman, S. M., Palumbo, M. C., Lawrence, R. H., Smith, A. L., Goodman, M. M., & Bales, K. L. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0315-3 · Cited by 82
iPads and the Use of “Apps” by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Do They Promote Learning?
Allen, M. L., Hartley, C., & Cain, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01305 · Cited by 85
“This “ shape bias ” is driven by TD children’s sensitivity to word-shape co-occurrences during infancy (Samuelson and Smith, 2005) and their abstraction of prototypes (mental representations of a category’s “central tendency”; Younger, 1990).”
BackgroundDevelopment of an Objective Autism Risk Index Using Remote Eye Tracking
Frazier, T. W., Klingemier, E. W., Beukemann, M., Speer, L. L., Markowitz, L. A., Parikh, S., Wexberg, S., Giuliano, K., Schulte, E. E., Delahunty, C. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.011 · Cited by 81
Midouhas, E., Yogaratnam, A., Flouri, E., & Charman, T. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.011 · Cited by 81
Eye Contact Modulates Cognitive Processing Differently in Children With Autism
Falck‐Ytter, T., Carlström, C., & Johansson, M. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12273 · Cited by 88
Parish‐Morris, J., Chevallier, C., Tonge, N., Letzen, J. E., Pandey, J., & Schultz, R. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00185 · Cited by 76
“Similarly, in studies using dynamic movie clips, children, adolescents and young adults with autism fixate less on people, faces and eyes and more on objects than do typical controls (Klin et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2010; Rice et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBours, C., Bakker-Huvenaars, M. J., Tramper, J. J., Bielczyk, N., Scheepers, F. E., Nijhof, K. S., Baanders, A. N., Rommelse, N. N. J., Medendorp, W. P., Glennon, J. C., et al. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1174-4 · Cited by 85
Hanley, M., Riby, D. M., McCormack, T., Carty, C., Coyle, L., Crozier, N., Robinson, J., & McPhillips, M. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.03.020 · Cited by 71
“, 2008); to school aged children (Riby & Hancock, 2009a, 2009b; Rice et al., 2012); to adults with autism (Hanley, McPhillips, Mulhern & Riby, 2012; Klin et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial cognition and the superior temporal sulcus: Implications in autism
Saitovitch, A., Bargiacchi, A., Chabane, N., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., Boddaert, N., & Zilbovicius, M. (2012) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2012.07.017 · Cited by 76
Imitation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Vivanti, G., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc12 · Cited by 92
Webb, S. J., Shic, F., Murias, M., Sugar, C. A., Naples, A. J., Barney, E. C., Borland, H., Hellemann, G., Johnson, S. P., Kim, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2019.00071 · Cited by 64
Social orienting and social seeking behaviors in ASD. A meta analytic investigation
Hedger, N., Dubey, I., & Chakrabarti, B. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.003 · Cited by 65
Swanson, M. R., & Siller, M. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.05.007 · Cited by 64
Frey, H., Molholm, S., Lalor, E. C., Russo, N. N., & Foxe, J. J. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12243 · Cited by 63
“In the few published examples of eye-traces in ASD participants, fixations are often only slightly away from targeted regions of interest (Pelphrey et al., 2002; Rice et al., 2012).”
BackgroundVisualization and Analysis of Eye Movement Data from Children with Typical and Atypical Development
Falck‐Ytter, T., von Hofsten, C., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1776-0 · Cited by 58
“We used total IQ scores as the matching variable (Rice et al. 2012) (Table 2), and compared the groups on the average score from movie A–”
MethodSocial cognition in autism: Face tuning
Pavlova, M. A., Guerreschi, M., Tagliavento, L., Gitti, F., Sokolov, A. N., Fallgatter, A. J., & Fazzi, E. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02790-1 · Cited by 56
Fujioka, T., Tsuchiya, K. J., Saito, M., Hirano, Y., Matsuo, M., Kikuchi, M., Maegaki, Y., Choi, D., Kato, S., Yoshida, T., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00321-w · Cited by 53
(2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 51
Deficits in volitional oculomotor control align with language status in autism spectrum disorders
Kelly, D. J., Walker, R., & Norbury, C. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01188.x · Cited by 58
“, 2009) and that similar scan patterns may reflect different underlying processes in those with discrepant verbal–non-verbal abilities (Rice et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialWashington, P. Y., & Wall, D. P. (2023) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-125454 · Cited by 52
“Another diagnostic tool, Earlitec [40, 92-98], incorporates the single modality of eye tracking for autism diagnosis support in children ages 16-30 months old and is approved for use specifically in the specialty clinical settings.”
MethodMüller, N., Baumeister, S., Dziobek, I., Banaschewski, T., & Poustka, L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2828-z · Cited by 60
“(2002) and in line with other studies (Rice et al. 2012; Speer et al. 2007), we found no evidence for increased mouth fixation duration in adolescents with ASD.”
ResultInfluentialVisual Attention Analysis and Prediction on Human Faces for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Duan, H., Min, X., Fang, Y., Fan, L., Yang, X., & Zhai, G. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3337066 · Cited by 56
“[51] studied the visual scanning strategies of social scenes in school-aged children with ASD and their relationship to early social disability measurement.”
BackgroundGillespie-Smith, K., Hendry, G., Anduuru, N., Laird, T., & Ballantyne, C. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104081 · Cited by 52
Rett Syndrome: Basic Features of Visual Processing—A Pilot Study of Eye-Tracking
Djukic, A., McDermott, M. V., Mavrommatis, K., & Martins, C. L. (2012) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.04.009 · Cited by 52
“Quantifiable aspects of eye-tracking were used as an outcome measure in studies of autism [19-21].”
MethodReisinger, D. L., Shaffer, R. C., Horn, P. S., Hong, M. P., Pedapati, E. V., Dominick, K. C., & Erickson, C. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2019.00076 · Cited by 51
Riddiford, J. A., Enticott, P. G., Lavale, A., & Gurvich, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2729 · Cited by 65
Adaptation to different communicative contexts: an eye tracking study of autistic adults
Parish‐Morris, J., Pallathra, A. A., Ferguson, E. F., Maddox, B. B., Pomykacz, A., Perez, L. S., Bateman, L., Pandey, J., Schultz, R. T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9265-1 · Cited by 49
Wilkinson, K. M., & Light, J. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.904434 · Cited by 53
Su, P. L., Rogers, S. J., Estes, A. M., & Yoder, P. J. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320953260 · Cited by 51
“Children and adults with ASD often display reduced attention to social stimuli compared to non-social stimuli (Chawarska et al., 2012; Chawarska & Shic, 2009; Kuhl et al., 2005; Rice et al., 2012; Sasson et al., 2008; Watson et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBacon, E. C., Osuna, S., Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318766241 · Cited by 47
“There is a deepening appreciation of the fact that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous disorder, not only in terms of clinical profile (Kim et al., 2015; Rice et al., 2012), but also likely etiology (Bill and Geschwind, 2009).”
BackgroundSkwerer, D. P., Brukilacchio, B. H., Chu, A., Eggleston, B. A., Meyer, S., & Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319845563 · Cited by 47
“Even when studies included larger, heterogeneous samples of individuals with ASD and focused on patterns of variability in visual social engagement (Rice et al., 2012), participants’ average IQ was not in the range of intellectual disability (i.e. standard score below 70).”
InfluentialSchwartzman, J. S., Velloso, R. D. L., D’Antino, M. E. F., & Santos, S. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20150033 · Cited by 46
Ruta, L., Famà, F. I., Bernava, G. M., Leonardi, E., Tartarisco, G., Falzone, A., Pioggia, G., & Chakrabarti, B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03615-x · Cited by 47
Children with autism observe social interactions in an idiosyncratic manner
Avni, I., Meiri, G., Bar‐Sinai, A., Reboh, D., Manelis, L., Flusser, H., Michaelovski, A., Menashe, I., & Dinstein, I. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2234 · Cited by 41
“Assessment of individual children is particularly important given the large heterogeneity in gaze behaviors of ASD children that is commonly reported in eye-tracking studies [Campbell, Shic, Macari, & Chawarska, 2014; Moore et al., 2018; Pierce et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2012].”
BackgroundInfluentialHutchins, T. L., & Brien, A. R. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.03.006 · Cited by 45
The I in autism: Severity and social functioning in autism are related to self‐processing
Gillespie‐Smith, K., Ballantyne, C. J., Branigan, H. P., Turk, D. J., & Cunningham, S. J. (2017) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12219 · Cited by 45
Designing AAC Systems for Children with Autism: Evidence from Eye Tracking Research
Gillespie‐Smith, K., & Fletcher‐Watson, S. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.905635 · Cited by 38
“Indeed, it is often found that the most atypical eye-movement patterns occur in participants with more severe communication impairments (e.g., Norbury et al., 2009; Rice et al., 2012; Takarae, Minshew, Luna, & Sweeney, 2004).”
BackgroundRice, K., Viscomi, B., Riggins, T., & Redcay, E. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.09.003 · Cited by 32
Self-citationGrynszpan, O., & Nadel, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.01067 · Cited by 31
“Later research suggested that this correlation depended on the characteristics of the video material, such as the number of characters displayed (Speer et al., 2007) or the space taken on the screen by human faces (Rice et al., 2012).”
Shaffer, R. C., Pedapati, E. V., Shic, F., Gaietto, K. M., Bowers, K. A., Wink, L. K., & Erickson, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2975-2 · Cited by 29
Social attention: What is it, how can we measure it, and what can it tell us about autism and ADHD?
Braithwaite, E., Gui, A., & Jones, E. J. H. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.007 · Cited by 34
Emotion recognition in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Schwenck, C., Schneider, T., Schreckenbach, J., Zenglein, Y., Gensthaler, A., Taurines, R., Freitag, C. M., Schneider, W., & Romanos, M. (2013) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-013-0104-z · Cited by 33
Atypical integration of social cues for orienting to gaze direction in adults with autism
Ashwin, C., Hietanen, J. K., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2015) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-6-5 · Cited by 40
Gorrindo, P., Lane, C. J., Lee, E. B., McLaughlin, B., & Levitt, P. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068444 · Cited by 33
“Eye-tracking measures demonstrated a relationship between social disability and preferential visual scanning of non-social aspects of visual scenes; however this relationship was reversed in subgroups of individuals with ASD stratified by cognitive function [8].”
BackgroundScherf, K. S., Griffin, J. W., Judy, B., Whyte, E. M., Geier, C. F., Elbich, D., & Smyth, J. M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023682 · Cited by 30
Gaze patterns during scene processing in typical adults and adults with autism spectrum disorders
Rigby, S. N., Stoesz, B. M., & Jakobson, L. S. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.01.012 · Cited by 30
Do Animals Engage Greater Social Attention in Autism? An Eye Tracking Analysis
Valiyamattam, G. J., Katti, H., Chaganti, V. K., O’Haire, M. E., & Sachdeva, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00727 · Cited by 29
A Trend on Autism Spectrum Disorder Research: Eye Tracking-EEG Correlative Analytics
Tan, G., Xu, K. J., Liu, J., & Liu, H. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems · doi:10.1109/tcds.2021.3102646 · Cited by 32
“Later, researchers applied ET to reveal the cognitive or perceptual variation in ASD subgroups [14], [15].”
MethodJohnels, J. Å., Gillberg, C., Falck‐Ytter, T., & Miniscalco, C. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0268 · Cited by 30
Autonomic Responses to Social and Nonsocial Pictures in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Louwerse, A., Tulen, J. H. M., van der Geest, J. N., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1327 · Cited by 36
Attempting to “Increase Intake from the Input”: Attention and Word Learning in Children with Autism
Tenenbaum, E. J., Amso, D., Righi, G., & Sheinkopf, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3098-0 · Cited by 34
Habayeb, S., Tsang, T., Saulnier, C. A., Klaiman, C., JONES, W. R., Klin, A., & Edwards, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04730-x · Cited by 29
Self-citationGaze Behavior of Children with ASD toward Pictures of Facial Expressions
Matsuda, S., Minagawa‐Kawai, Y., & Yamamoto, J. (2015) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2015/617190 · Cited by 28
“Although other eye-tracking studies on children or adolescents with ASD have found differences between ASD and TD [1, 3], one implication of this finding is that the presence of speech (spoken) and movement (dynamic) might be responsible for such differences.”
BackgroundTang, J. S. Y., Chen, N. T. M., Falkmer, M., Bölte, S., & Girdler, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04104-y · Cited by 26
Metcalfe, D., McKenzie, K., McCarty, K., & Pollet, T. V. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.12.008 · Cited by 30
Deep Neural Network Reveals the World of Autism From a First‐Person Perspective
Ruan, M., Webster, P. J., Li, X., & Wang, S. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2376 · Cited by 27
The Gestures in 2–4-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ye, Q., Liu, L., Lv, S., Cheng, S., Zhu, H., Xu, Y., Zou, X., & Deng, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604542 · Cited by 26
Evers, K., Kerkhof, I., Steyaert, J. G., Noens, I. L. J., & Wagemans, J. (2014) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/345878 · Cited by 29
“Some evidence for increased reliance on mouth information and less sensitivity for the eyes was already found ([16, 27, 35, 36], but also see, e.”
BackgroundResultAntezana, L., Mosner, M. G., Troiani, V., & Yerys, B. E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2661-9 · Cited by 29
“is also apparent later in life across free viewing (Klin et al. 2002; Nakano et al. 2010; Rice et al. 2012) and various visual”
BackgroundImitation Performance in Children with Autism and the Role of Visual Attention in Imitation
Bülbül, I. A., & Özdemir, S. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05726-5 · Cited by 23
“…Özdemir, 2021; Barbaro & Dissanayake, 2013; Chawarska et al., 2013; Dubey et al., 2017; Kasari et al., 1990; Klin et al., 2002a, Klin et al., 2002b; Rice et al., 2012; Sacrey et al., 2013; Vernetti et al., 2018; Vivanti & Dissanayake, 2014) and non-social stimuli (Anderson et al., 2006; Dubey et…”
BackgroundFlevaris, A. V., & Murray, S. O. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.01017 · Cited by 24
“…is unknown whether a similar reduction in surround suppression will be found in individuals with ASD, given the high degree of variability in visual processing characteristics across individuals with ASD (e.g., Spiker et al., 2002; Volkmar et al., 2004; Newschaffer et al., 2007; Rice et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMansour, H., & Kuhn, G. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818819094 · Cited by 21
What Can Eye Movements Tell Us about Subtle Cognitive Processing Differences in Autism?
Howard, P. L., Zhang, L., & Benson, V. (2019) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision3020022 · Cited by 25
“[75] found that this relationship varied significantly based on intelligence quotient (IQ) score characteristics.”
BackgroundMirror me: Imitative responses in adults with autism
Schunke, O., Schöttle, D., Vettorazzi, E., Brandt, V. C., Kahl, U., Bäumer, T., Ganos, C., David, N., Peiker, I., Engel, A. K., et al. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315571757 · Cited by 26
“Attention to both social and non-social stimuli is impaired in ASD (Anderson et al., 2006; Rice et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe Future of Disentangling the Heterogeneity of Autism With Neuroimaging Studies
Duan, X., Shan, X., Uddin, L. Q., & Chen, H. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.08.008 · Cited by 25
Autism, social cognition and superior temporal sulcus
Zilbovicius, M., Saitovitch, A., Popa, T., Rechtman, E., Diamandis, L., Chabane, N., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y., & Boddaert, N. (2013) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2013.32a008 · Cited by 23
“to eyes and face areas and more to body and objects when watching scenes from a movie [34] and, when engaged in semi-naturalistic interaction with a familiar”
BackgroundInfluence of number, location and size of faces on gaze in video
Rahman, A. U., Pellerin, D., & Houzet, D. (2014) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.7.2.5 · Cited by 22
“This is coherent with previous studies obtaining from 50% to 80% of fixations on face (Rice et al., 2012; Riby & Hancock, 2009; Smith & Mital, 2013).”
BackgroundResultMcParland, A., Gallagher, S. M., & Keenan, M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04906-z · Cited by 20
Kaliukhovich, D. A., Manyakov, N. V., Bangerter, A., Ness, S. L., Skalkin, A., Goodwin, M. S., Dawson, G., Hendren, R. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Hudac, C. M., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00388-5 · Cited by 20
A map of assistive technology educative instruments in neurodevelopmental disorders
Pontikas, C.-M., Tsoukalas, E., & Serdari, A. (2020) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2020.1839580 · Cited by 22
Amaral, C. P., Simões, M. A., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121970 · Cited by 21
“paramount importance in important fields such as developmental neuroscience [3] and autism research, where complex social attention deficits are present [2,4].”
Back to Basic: Do Children with Autism Spontaneously Look at Screen Displaying a Face or an Object?
Guimard‐Brunault, M., Aguillon-Hernandez, N., Roché, L., Roux, S., Barthélémy, C., Martineau, J., & Bonnet‐Brilhault, F. (2013) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/835247 · Cited by 24
“reported a significantly reduced fixation on faces in ASD compared to controls [15].”
BackgroundStagg, S. D., Linnell, K. J., & Heaton, P. F. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000108 · Cited by 19
Chen, C.-P., Gau, S. S., & Lee, C.-C. (2018) · Computer Speech & Language · doi:10.1016/j.csl.2018.12.003 · Cited by 21
Siller, M., & Morgan, L. (2018) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90994-3_1 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Rice, K., Moriuchi, J. M., Jones, W., & Klin, A.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klin, Ami
- ORCID
- Klin, Ami
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 238-248
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3306820
- OpenAlex
- W2082605724
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 10.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0532610)
- Emory University
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd042127-04)
- School of Medicine, Emory University
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD042127, R01HD42127)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, eye tracking, social dysfunction, social adaptation, within-group variation, school-aged children, genetic susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Eye Movements, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Motion Pictures, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Development, Photic Stimulation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Social Adjustment, Visual Perception
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