The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Meta-analysis finding that childhood ADHD, ODD, CD, and depression increase risk of later substance-related disorders, with substantial heterogeneity.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Own result · 15 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 3 No full text of the sources · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Exceptions to the first limitation are 2 recent metaanalyses that focused on childhood attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the development of substance-related disorders prospectively, which showed an increased risk.6,7”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Charach, 2011, Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: comparative meta-analyses, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Supportedcites [7] Lee, 2011, Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review, Clin Psychol Rev source
The Discussion describes this paper as a meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies and reports that childhood ADHD predicted later substance use disorders. It supports the claim as one of the two cited meta-analyses; this paper alone does not establish what the other found. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We included DSMdefined outcomes (e.g., SUDs, alcohol use disorder) and heavy use, because heavy use is responsible for similar consequences (e.g., health, social) as dependence.16”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > METHOD Study Selection
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Rehm, 2013, Defining substance use disorders: do we really need more than heavy use?, Alcohol Alcoholism source
In “The Relationship Between Heavy Use, Substance Use Disorders and Consequences” (page not provided), the paper identifies heavy use over time as a primary driver of social harms and the majority of substance-attributable disease and mortality. It also reports comparable alcohol-mortality burdens for heavy drinking and alcohol dependence, supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The disorders included in anxiety disorders appear to have a differential risk for substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Wittchen, 2007, Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their relationship to mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study in adolescents, Drug Alcohol Depend sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.3) and Discussion (§4; page numbers unavailable) report different associations for individual anxiety disorders: panic-anxiety predicted cannabis use, while specific phobias and GAD were associated with cannabis use disorder. This supports a differential pattern, but the study examined cannabis outcomes, not substance-related disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR drugs 4.24, 95% CI 1.3.21.5.59”
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
“Individuals with CD were at increased risk for developing alcohol-related disorder (OR 1.73), nicotine-related disorder (OR 4.22), drug-related disorder (OR 4.24), and any SUDs (OR 4.86”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 434- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-regression did not show significant effects, but age at baseline and follow-up age lowered I 2”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There also was an indication for publication bias in the results concerning ADHD and the aggregated measurement of addiction (Egger test t ¼ 3.78, p ¼ .001,failsafe N ¼ 5,003) and nicotine-related disorders (Egger test t ¼ 4.04, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 2,502).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nicotine-related disorder (OR 1.23)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, studies including participants with a clinically established diagnosis showed larger ESs compared with those studies including participants with questionnaire-based or structured interview-based diagnoses (Table 3).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Externalizing Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all other outcomes, there was no evidence for publication bias (Table 2).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR drugs 1.52, 95% CI 1.52-5.27”
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
“individuals with ADHD were at increased risk for alcohol-related disorder (OR 2.15), nicotine-related disorder (OR 2.52), drug-related disorder (OR 1.52), and any SUDs (OR 2.61”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 22,029- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR SUDs 4.86, 95% CI 3.09-7.56”
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
“Individuals with CD were at increased risk for developing alcohol-related disorder (OR 1.73), nicotine-related disorder (OR 4.22), drug-related disorder (OR 4.24), and any SUDs (OR 4.86”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-regression showed no other significant effects, including no effects of ODD or CD comorbidity.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Externalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the risk for nicotine addiction in ADHD was higher in clinical samples than in community samples.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pairwise comparisons showed a significantly lower risk in anxiety disorders compared with externalizing disorders ADHD (Q[1] ¼ 6.78, p ¼ .009)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Mental Disorders in Childhood
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metaregression showed no significant moderators, and lowered heterogeneity was found in the models with baseline age”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR alcohol 2.15, 95% CI 1.56-2.97”
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
“individuals with ADHD were at increased risk for alcohol-related disorder (OR 2.15)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 22,029- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not for anxiety disorders (n ¼ 15, OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.90-1.55,not significant).”
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
“Analyses concerning anxiety disorders in childhood and later addiction showed no significant results (Table 2 and Figure 2).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR SUDs 2.61, 95% CI 1.77-3.84”
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
“individuals with ADHD were at increased risk for alcohol-related disorder (OR 2.15), nicotine-related disorder (OR 2.52), drug-related disorder (OR 1.52), and any SUDs (OR 2.61”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 22,029- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR nicotine 2.52, 95% CI 2.01-3.15”
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
“individuals with ADHD were at increased risk for alcohol-related disorder (OR 2.15), nicotine-related disorder (OR 2.52), drug-related disorder (OR 1.52), and any SUDs (OR 2.61”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 22,029- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, bias was found in the results concerning any mental disorder and the aggregated measurement of addiction (Egger test t ¼ 4.34, p ¼ .001,failsafe N ¼ 4,387).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
hedgedn = 4,387 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“depression (n ¼ 13, OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.47-2.81”
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
“A significant increase in addictions was found in those with childhood depression (Table 2 and Figure 2).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A random-effects model showed an increased risk for addiction in those with a childhood mental disorder (OR 2.”
- Also stated in: § Mental Disorders in Childhood · plain
“19, 95% CI 1.81-2.63).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Mental Disorders in Childhood
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Mental Disorders in Childhood · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR SUDs 2.20, 95% CI 1.41-3.43”
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
“disorder (OR 2.56), and SUDs (OR 2.20).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant difference among childhood mental disorders (Q[3] ¼ 8.89, p ¼ .03) in the risk for substancerelated disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Mental Disorders in Childhood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not for alcohol-related disorder (OR 0.85)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ODD or CD (n ¼ 8, OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.97-5.80”
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
“Analyses showed a significantly increased risk to develop addiction in individuals with childhood ODD or CD (Table 2 and Figure 2).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 434- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR alcohol 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19”
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
“Individuals with childhood depression were at increased risk of alcohol-related disorders (OR 1.10)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR alcohol 1.73, 95% CI 1.51-2.00”
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
“Individuals with CD were at increased risk for developing alcohol-related disorder (OR 1.73)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 434- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, studies with a higher quality rating showed higher ORs”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR nicotine 2.56, 95% CI 1.89-3.48”
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
“Individuals with childhood depression were at increased risk of alcohol-related disorders (OR 1.10), nicotine-related”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Internalizing Disorders · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and ODD or CD (Q[1] ¼ 6.06, p ¼ .014).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Mental Disorders in Childhood
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression did not differ from ADHD (Q[1] ¼ 1.55, p ¼ .21)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Mental Disorders in Childhood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk for addiction in ADHD (n ¼ 23, odds ratio [OR] 2.27, 95% CI 1.98-3.67”
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
“Analyses showed an increased risk for later addiction in individuals with ADHD in childhood (Table 2 and Figure 2).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 22,029- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Externalizing Disorders · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No single study was responsible for the significant results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Externalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was an indication for publication bias in the results concerning depression and addiction (Egger test t ¼ 4.34, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 221).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
hedgedn = 221 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or ODD or CD (Q [1] ¼ 1.96, p ¼ .16).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Mental Disorders in Childhood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals with childhood anxiety disorders were at increased risk for drug-related disorder (OR 1.60)”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OR nicotine 4.22, 95% CI 3.21-5.55”
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
“Individuals with CD were at increased risk for developing alcohol-related disorder (OR 1.73), nicotine-related disorder (OR 4.22), drug-related disorder (OR 4.24), and any SUDs (OR 4.86”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conduct Disorder. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that not only childhood ADHD but also childhood ODD, CD, and depression could increase the risk of developing substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Nicotine | Fixed | 3 | 4.22 | 3.21e5.55 | 10.27 | <.001 | 0.02 | 2.53 | .28 | 21.00 | - | - | 68 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our study did not have sufficient power to test this interaction directly, we did not find an effect of gender and did not find a difference in gender among sample types (t ¼ À1.88, p ¼ .26).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| ADHD | Addiction | Random | 23 | 2.27 | 1.98e3.67 | 0.27 | <.001 | 0.44 | 371.90 | <.001 | 94.08 | 3.78 | .001 | 5,003 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that not only childhood ADHD but also childhood ODD, CD, and depression could increase the risk of developing substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | SUD | Fixed | 3 | 4.86 | 3.09e7.56 | 6.89 | <.001 | 0.53 | 8.54 | .01 | 76.57 | - | - | 34 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Depression | Addiction | Random | 13 | 2.03 | 1.47e2.81 | 4.26 | <.001 | 0.23 | 61.91 | <.001 | 80.62 | 4.39 | .001 | 211 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the studies on ADHD, we found a higher risk in those including a clinical sample rather than a community sample, but in ODD or CD, anxiety disorder, and depression, only community samples were included.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | SUD | Random | 8 | 2.61 | 1.77e3.84 | 4.87 | <.001 | 0.13 | 12.57 | .08 | 44.33 | - | - | 80 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Drugs | Random | 12 | 1.52 | 1.52e5.27 | 3.28 | .001 | 1.04 | 339.16 | <.001 | 96.76 | 4.04 | .002 | 2,502 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our study did not have sufficient power to test this interaction directly, we did not find an effect of gender and did not find a difference in gender among sample types (t ¼ À1.88, p ¼ .26).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Childhood anxiety disorders do not seem to increase the risk for future substance-related disorders, although findings are highly heterogeneous.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Nicotine | Random | 14 | 2.52 | 2.01e3.15 | 8.03 | <.001 | 0.07 | 22.47 | .05 | 42.14 | 0.93 | .37 | 422 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Childhood anxiety disorders do not seem to increase the risk for future substance-related disorders, although findings are highly heterogeneous.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Drugs | Fixed | 4 | 4.24 | 3.21e5.59 | 10.19 | <.001 | 0.10 | 6.12 | .11 | 51.01 | - | - | 84 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | SUD | Random | 8 | 1.22 | 0.82e1.81 | 0.96 | .34 | 0.19 | 21.32 | .003 | 67.16 | - | - | 0 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Drugs | Fixed | 3 | 1.60 | 1.12e2.29 | 2.58 | .01 | 0.10 | 2.97 | .22 | 32.70 | - | - | 0 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using meta-regression, we found no significant effect of the percentage of children with comorbid ODD or CD within studies on the development of addiction and nicotine-related disorders; however, it did decrease heterogeneity.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Alcohol | Fixed | 3 | 1.10 | 1.02e1.19 | 2.39 | .017 | 0.032 | À3.41 | .18 | 41.32 | - | - | - |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| ODD or CD | Addiction | Random | 9 | 3.38 | 1.97e5.80 | 4.41 | <.001 | 0.59 | 108.09 | <.001 | 92.60 | - | - | 229 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | SUD | Random | 7 | 2.20 | 1.41e3.43 | 3.52 | .001 | 0.18 | 13.25 | .039 | 54.71 | - | - | 40 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Nicotine | Fixed | 3 | 2.56 | 1.89e3.48 | 5.98 | <.001 | 0 | 0.59 | .74 | 0 | - | - | 25 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that not only childhood ADHD but also childhood ODD, CD, and depression could increase the risk of developing substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Alcohol | Random | 13 | 2.15 | 1.56e2.97 | 4.64 | <.001 | 0.20 | 107.82 | <.001 | 88.87 | 1.35 | .20 | 1,058 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using meta-regression, we found no significant effect of the percentage of children with comorbid ODD or CD within studies on the development of addiction and nicotine-related disorders; however, it did decrease heterogeneity.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Alcohol | Fixed | 4 | 1.73 | 1.51e2.00 | 7.72 | <.001 | 6.84 | 54.85 | <.001 | 94.53 | - | - | 92 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Anxiety | Addiction | Random | 14 | 1.15 | 0.90e1.55 | 1.21 | .27 | 0.55 | 34.02 | .001 | 61.79 | 0.40 | .69 | 1 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that not only childhood ADHD but also childhood ODD, CD, and depression could increase the risk of developing substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Nicotine | Fixed | 3 | 1.23 | 0.08e1.97 | 0.88 | .38 | 0.04 | 2.479 | .29 | 19.32 | - | - | 0 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Alcohol | Random | 5 | 0.85 | 0.64e1.13 | À1.14 | .26 | 0.02 | 4.69 | .32 | 14.64 | - | - | 0 |”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Limitations include that most meta-analyses have not solely investigated prospective relations, 5 limiting inferences about directionality”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Lev-Ran, 2014, The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Psychol Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, not enough studies were available (n ¼ 8) to conduct a meta-regression.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Conduct Disorder.
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leave-one-out analyses did not show that removal of any studies would lead to a change in results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a lack of comparative meta-analyses that assess risk for substance abuse across different mental health disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our study did not have sufficient power to test this interaction directly, we did not find an effect of gender and did not find a difference in gender among sample types (t ¼ À1.88, p ¼ .26).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a meta-analysis by Serra-Pinheiro et al. 67 that included only studies on ADHD that statistically adjusted for the impact of comorbid ODD or CD found no significant increase of illicit substance use, suggesting that ADHD does not solely increase the risk for substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included only articles that were published in English-language peer-reviewed journals, leading to possible bias in our results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because the failsafe N was high, we are not concerned that inclusion of unpublished or other language results would have led to other results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, a meta-analysis by Serra-Pinheiro et al. 67 that included only studies on ADHD that statistically adjusted for the impact of comorbid ODD or CD found no significant increase of illicit substance use, suggesting that ADHD does not solely increase the risk for substance-related disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Serra-Pinheiro et al. 67
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the Egger test indicated possible publication bias for 4 outcomes (i.e., for ADHD and depression and all addiction disorders and the aggregated measurement of addiction and for ADHD and nicotine-related disorders).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this finding, it can be concluded that the percentage of children with concomitant ODD or CD influences only in part the severity of substance-related outcomes later in life for those who had childhood ADHD.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the studies on ADHD, we found a higher risk in those including a clinical sample rather than a community sample, but in ODD or CD, anxiety disorder, and depression, only community samples were included.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“another found the highest risk in childhood internalizing disorders, 9”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [9] Wittchen, 2007, Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their relationship to mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study in adolescents, Drug Alcohol Depend sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the most pronounced associations with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder were among people with multiple disorders, not those with childhood internalizing disorders. It also says the implications of early childhood conditions for that risk were not addressed in this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Disputed
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“We suggest that although selfmedication plays a part in the co-occurrence of mental health disorders and substance-related disorders, a shared liability between the disorders likewise plays a role.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60][61][62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Pettersson, 2016, Common psychiatric disorders share the same genetic origin: a multivariate sibling study of the Swedish population, Mol Psychiatry source
- Could not verifycites [64] 2013, Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results discuss shared genetic liability among five psychiatric disorders, but none of the five is a substance-related disorder. Searches for self-medication, substance use, addiction, and alcohol dependence found no passage addressing the claimed co-occurrence or its proposed explanations. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Hill, 1999, Psychopathology and achievement in children at high risk for developing alcoholism, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study found the highest risk for substance-related disorders in childhood externalizing disorders, 8”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Gau, 2007, Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study, Br J Psychiatry source
The Method section describes children assessed at about age 12 and followed for the onset of substance use disorder. In Table 3 (Psychiatric predictors; page not available), conduct disorder, ADHD, and oppositional defiant disorder have higher hazard ratios than the depressive and anxiety disorders listed, supporting the claim about externalizing disorders. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and another study found a decreased risk compared with controls in those with childhood anxiety disorders.8”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Gau, 2007, Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study, Br J Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 3 (page not provided) reports a lower estimated risk of substance use disorder for adolescents with anxiety disorder than for those without it (hazard ratio 0.69 versus 1.00). But the 95% confidence interval (0.29–1.65) includes 1, and the Psychiatric predictors section says anxiety disorders did not significantly predict substance use disorder. The claim omits that uncertainty. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and another found a relatively equal risk for childhood internalizing and externalizing disorders.10”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [10] Copeland, 2009, Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on childhood-to-young-adulthood prediction report later disorders associated with childhood anxiety or depression and with childhood conduct or oppositional defiant disorder. They do not compare the risks for internalizing and externalizing disorders as groups or establish that those risks are relatively equal. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or SUDs (OR 1.22”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-seven studies including more than 762,187 participants were identified for quantitative analyses.”
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
“Thirty-seven studies including 762,187 participants were identified for quantitative analyses; for a summary, see Table 1”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plainn = 762,187- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-regression showed significantly larger ESs in those studies including participants younger at baseline and those with higher quality ratings.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Externalizing Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ninety-seven effects sizes were extracted for analyses.”
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
“In total, 97 ESs were extracted for analyses.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Studies Included in Meta-Analysis · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total response rate of 73% was reached.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Data Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, the Egger test, and the Rosenthal failsafe N.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Meta-Regression.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two researchers conducted all review stages.”
- Also stated in: § METHOD Study Selection · plain
“Authors A.G. and T.J. (postdoctoral researchers) performed the selection of studies.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § METHOD Study Selection · plain
In the paper
“one study found the highest risk for substance-related Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.disorder in those with childhood anxiety disorders compared with other disorders, 4”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Conway, 2016, Association of lifetime mental disorders and subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use: results from the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some studies have shown that ADHD is a risk factor for substance-related disorders, [12][13][14] whereas others have shown that the risk for substance-related disorders is carried by comorbid ODD or CD. 15”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12][13][14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] August, 2006, Prospective study of adolescent drug use among community samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed (available on request).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“Authors A.G. and T.J. independently rated the quality of the selected studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.24”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Study Quality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Published 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interrater discrepancies were resolved by consensus.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Study Quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Substantial agreement was found between the authors (k ¼ 0.92).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Study Quality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leave-oneout analyses did not show that removal of any studies would lead to a change in results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Internalizing Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating the risk found in persons with a childhood mental health disorder is not the result of poor quality studies but is truly concerning.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible explanation for these inconsistent results is that Serra-Pinheiro et al. included studies that were statistically adjusted for the impact of not only comorbid ODD or CD but also other measurements, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, parental substance use, and comorbidities other than ODD or CD, significantly decreasing the ecologic validity of their findings.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of stringent criteria for selecting studies applied across disorders increases the comparability of the results.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were able to assess only the effects of comorbid ODD or CD in ADHD but did not have data to study the effects of other comorbidities in other disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Including high-risk participants (children of parents with a psychiatric disorder or substance-related problems, or participants with prenatal exposure to substances) would artificially inflate the risk of substance-related problems and cloud the generalizability of results concerning mental health disorders.
“We did not consider studies that included high-risk participants (i.e., children of parents with a psychiatric disorder or substance-related problems or participants with prenatal exposure to substances), because we believed this would artificially inflate the risk of substance-related problems, clouding the generalizability of results concerning mental health disorders.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Many large epidemiologic and clinical studies show that ADHD often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, especially depression, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Groenman et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In all four meta-analyses, childhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of SUD in adolescence or early adulthood, compared with non-ADHD controls, with mean odds-ratios (OR) ranging from 1.34 to 3.48 (small-to-moderate association) for different types of SUD.”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Child- and adolescent-onset psychopathology is known to increase the risk for developing substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Groenman et al. 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similar findings have been shown for virtually all major psychiatric disorders of childhood (Groenman et al. 2017).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Groenman et al. 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis found that ADHD was associated with a more than twofold greater odds of alcohol-use disorders (13 studies, over 20,000 participants) and nicotine-related disorder (14 studies, over 1,800 participants) (Groenman et al., 2017).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Groenman et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for the development of substance abuse and substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescence and (early) adulthood.”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two to three times more likely to develop an SUD (Wilens et al. 2011; Groenman et al. 2017).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Groenman et al. 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
“and nicotine-related disorders (Egger test t ¼ 4.04, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 2,502).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| | Drugs | Random | 12 | 1.52 | 1.52e5.27 | 3.28 | .001 | 1.04 | 339.16 | <.001 | 96.76 | 4.04 | .002 | 2,502 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Publication Bias
“depression and addiction (Egger test t ¼ 4.34, p ¼ .002,failsafe N ¼ 221).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| Depression | Addiction | Random | 13 | 2.03 | 1.47e2.81 | 4.26 | <.001 | 0.23 | 61.91 | <.001 | 80.62 | 4.39 | .001 | 211 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
“but not for anxiety disorders (n ¼ 15, OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.90-1.55,not significant).”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| Anxiety | Addiction | Random | 14 | 1.15 | 0.90e1.55 | 1.21 | .27 | 0.55 | 34.02 | .001 | 61.79 | 0.40 | .69 | 1 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
“ODD or CD (n ¼ 8, OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.97-5.80;”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > FIGURE 2 (continued).
“| ODD or CD | Addiction | Random | 9 | 3.38 | 1.97e5.80 | 4.41 | <.001 | 0.59 | 108.09 | <.001 | 92.60 | - | - | 229 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Eighteen studies reported solely on ADHD, 1 study reported on ODD and CD, 8 studies reported on anxiety disorders, 7 reported on depression, and 5 studies reported on combinations of these disorders.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Studies Included in Meta-Analysis
Reported 37 · recomputed 39
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
“These studies included 22,029 participants with ADHD, 434 participants with ODD or CD, 1,433 participants with anxiety disorder, and 2,451 participants with depression.”
§ Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis > Meta-Regression.
“Heron et al., 2013 53 CD CD 873, control 2,714”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545
“129 A meta-analysis found that ADHD was associated with a more than twofold greater odds of alcohol-use disorders (13 studies, S.V. Faraone et al. over 20,000 participants) and nicotine-related disorder (14 studies, over 1800 participants) (Groenman et al., 2017).”
Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Ghandour, R. M., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., & Blumberg, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860 · Cited by 1,181
“…increased risk of hospital admissions and injuries, increased substance use and risk of substance use disorder, and reduced income and participation in labor markets as adults (Fleming et al., 2017; Fletcher, 2014; Groenman, Janssen, & Oosterlaan, 2017; Molina et al., 2013; Ros & Graziano, 2017).”
Thapar, A., Eyre, O., Patel, V., & Brent, D. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01012-1 · Cited by 869
“High risk behaviours associated with depression in young people, include increase in suicide attempts 21 , alcohol, nicotine and substance use 30 , and risky sexual behaviours 31,32 .”
Fairchild, G. F., Hawes, D. J., Frick, P. J., Copeland, W., Odgers, C. L., Franke, B., Freitag, C. M., & Brito, S. A. D. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y · Cited by 471
Danielson, M. L., Claussen, A. H., Bitsko, R. H., Katz, S. M., Newsome, K., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Ghandour, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2335625 · Cited by 347
“Approximately 60% of children with ADHD have co-occurring mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders (Cuffe et al., 2020; Danielson, Bitsko, et al., 2018; Faraone et al., 2021; Groenman et al., 2017), also known as “complex ADHD” (Barbaresi et al., 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Groenman, A. P., Janssen, T. W. P., & Oosterlaan, J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Groenman, Annabeth P.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 556-569
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2612899553
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a8ee19d263aef3e474cdacacaa9d7b81826402f
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Accare
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- child psychopathology, substance use disorders, substance abuse risk, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, alcoholism, nicotine dependence, drug use disorders, comorbidities, addiction risk factors, psychosocial interventions, prevention programs, addiction treatment programs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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