Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their relationship to mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Background Whereas the role of externalizing disorders is relatively well established in predicting the onset of cannabis use (CU) or cannabis use disorder (CUD), the status of anxiety and mood disorders in predicting CU and CUD remains controversial.Objective (1) To examine cross-sectional and prospective associations of CU and CUD with a range of mental disorders and whether anxiety and mood disorders are associated with CU/CUD after adjusting for externalizing disorders.Methods N=1395 community subjects aged 14-17 at baseline were followed-up at three waves prospectively over 10 years. Substance use, substance disorders and mental disorders were assessed using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.Results (1) The baseline prevalence rates where 19.3% at t(0) for CU and 2.6% for CUD. Cumulative incidence rates at t(3) were 54.3% for CU and 13.7% for CUD. (2) In cross-sectional and prospective analyses other substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders were associated with CU and CUD. (3) Associations of panic-anxiety with CU and of depressive and bipolar disorders with CU and CUD were significant after controlling for externalizing disorders.Conclusion A range of psychopathological conditions, including depressive, bipolar and less consistently anxiety disorders as well as the degree of their comorbidity are significantly associated with incident CU and progression to CUD, even when controlling for externalising disorders. A better understanding of this complex interplay may result in better aetiological models and intervention strategies.
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Another study found the highest risk for substance-related disorders in childhood internalizing disorders.
“another found the highest risk in childhood internalizing disorders, 9”
From Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis. (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the most pronounced associations with cannabis use and cannabis use disorder were among people with multiple disorders, not those with childhood internalizing disorders. It also says the implications of early childhood conditions for that risk were not addressed in this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe disorders included in anxiety disorders appear to have a differential risk for substance-related disorders.
“The disorders included in anxiety disorders appear to have a differential risk for substance-related disorders.”
From Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis. (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (§3.3) and Discussion (§4; page numbers unavailable) report different associations for individual anxiety disorders: panic-anxiety predicted cannabis use, while specific phobias and GAD were associated with cannabis use disorder. This supports a differential pattern, but the study examined cannabis outcomes, not substance-related disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Wittchen, H.-U., Fröhlich, C., Behrendt, S., Günther, A., Rehm, J., Zimmermann, P., Lieb, R., & Perkonigg, A.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 88
- Pages
- S60-S70
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103849723
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 11.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- tud.qucosa.de
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WI 709/8-1, WI 709/7-1, WI2246/1‐1, LA1148/1‐1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (LA1148/1-1, 01EB9901/6, EB 0142, WI2246/1-1, WI 709/7-1, 01EB0140, WI 709/8-1, 01EB9405/6, EB01016200, 01EB0440)
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (303-7028)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, adolescents, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, externalizing disorders, substance use disorders, comorbidities, substance use onset, substance use progression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Internal-External Control, Prospective Studies, Residence Characteristics
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