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Cited by 138Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Substance use disorders in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a 4-year follow-up study: Follow-up of substance use in ADHD

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Groenman, Annabeth P., Oosterlaan, Jaap, Rommelse, Nanda, Franke, Barbara, Roeyers, Herbert, Oades, Robert D., Sergeant, Joseph A., Buitelaar, Jan K. +1 more·2013·Addiction
DOI 10.1111/add.12188
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Abstract

AIM: To examine the relationship between a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with or without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD) and the development of later alcohol/drug use disorder [psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD)] and nicotine dependence in a large European sample of ADHD probands, their siblings and healthy control subjects. PARTICIPANTS, DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects (n = 1017) were participants in the Belgian, Dutch and German part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study. IMAGE families were identified through ADHD probands aged 5-17 years attending out-patient clinics, and control subjects from the same geographic areas. After a follow-up period (mean: 4.4 years) this subsample was re-assessed at a mean age of 16.4 years. MEASUREMENTS: PSUD and nicotine dependence were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Drug Abuse Screening Test and Fagerström test for Nicotine Dependence. FINDINGS: The ADHD sample was at higher risk of developing PSUD [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-3.00] and nicotine dependence (HR = 8.61, 95% CI = 2.44-30.34) than healthy controls. The rates of these disorders were highest for ADHD youth who also had CD, but could not be accounted for by this comorbidity. We did not find an increased risk of developing PSUD (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.62-2.27) or nicotine dependence (HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.46-7.77) among unaffected siblings of ADHD youth. CONCLUSIONS: A childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorder and nicotine dependence in adolescence and comorbid conduct disorder, but not oppositional defiant disorder, further increases the risk of developing psychoactive substance use disorder and nicotine dependence.

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  • Compared with the general population, the risk of smoking and substance use disorders is increased in patients with ADHD, especially among patients who also have conduct or antisocial personality disorder.

    “compared with the general population, the risk of smoking and substance use disorders is increased in patients with ADHD, especially among patients who also have conduct or antisocial personality dis order 213,214 .”

    From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [213]

    The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report higher risks of psychoactive substance use disorder and nicotine dependence in adolescents with ADHD than in healthy controls, with the highest rates among those with comorbid conduct disorder. The paper does not establish the claim for antisocial personality disorder; it also measures nicotine dependence rather than smoking and cautions against generalizing its clinic-referred sample to community populations. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • In the prospective case-control study of Groenman et al. (2013), childhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of developing SUD in adolescence, with a hazard ratio of 1.77 compared with healthy controls.

    “In the prospective case-control study of Groenman et al. (2013) [52], childhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of developing SUD in adolescence, and with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.77 compared with the healthy controls.”

    From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [52]

  • Risk of SUD was highest in children with concurrent ADHD and CD, but children without the CD comorbidity were still at increased risk.

    “Risk of SUD was the highest in children with concurrent ADHD and CD, but children without the CD comorbidity were still at increased risk.”

    From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [52]

  • ADHD is a risk factor for the development of substance use disorders, and people presenting with substance use disorders are at increased risk of ADHD.

    “ADHD is a risk factor for the development of substance use disorders, and people presenting with substance use disorders are at increased risk of ADHD (Groenman et al., 2013; van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen et al., 2012; see also Faraone et al., 2021; Ozgen et al., 2020).”

    From The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2023) · cites this paper as Groenman et al., 2013

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Authors
Groenman, A. P., Oosterlaan, J., Rommelse, N., Franke, B., Roeyers, H., Oades, R. D., Sergeant, J. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Faraone, S. V.
Affiliations
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Biopsychology Group; Essen; Germany
  • SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
Corresponding author
Faraone, Stephen V.
ORCID
Venue
Addiction
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2013-04-22
Volume
108
Issue
8
Pages
1503-1511
ISSN
0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/add.12188
OpenAlex
W1515451193
Cited by
138
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 3
FWCI
11.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Addiction (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Eli Lilly and Company
  • Pfizer
  • ZonMw (60-60600-97-193, 60600)
  • Shire
  • Servier
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Cilag
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders, nicotine dependence, alcoholism, drug use disorders, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, adolescence, risk factors, comorbidities, siblings, image studies
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Europe, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Risk Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Age of Onset, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders

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