Modified method for proximate analysis of biochars

Aller, Deborah; Bakshi, Santanu; Laird, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2017.01.012

Cited by 121Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesSoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsFire effects on ecosystems

Modified method for proximate analysis of biochars

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Aller, Deborah, Bakshi, Santanu, Laird, David A.·2017·Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

DOI 10.1016/j.jaap.2017.01.012

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HTB800 had a fixed carbon content of 76.33%.
“The resulting FC of 76.33% aligns with woody biomass-derived biochars, consistent with the known VC-FC-H/C interdependence, where H/C organic serves as a carbon-centric stability predictor [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
HTB800 had an elevated pH of 9.3.
“The elevated pH of 9.3 reflects progressive loss of acidic surface functionalities, while the HHV of 31.49MJ/kg and surface area gain to 202.09 m 2 /g (+7.3%) reinforce suitability for energy and metallurgical applications [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
PHT at 600 °C for 30 min (HTB800) induced a second phase of dehydration, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation, further concentrating aromatic carbon and reducing chemical instability.
“Further, PHT at 600 • C for 30 min (HTB800) induced a second phase of dehydration, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation, further concentrating aromatic carbon and reducing chemical instability [73][74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
HTB800 had an HHV of 31.49 MJ/kg.
“The elevated pH of 9.3 reflects progressive loss of acidic surface functionalities, while the HHV of 31.49MJ/kg and surface area gain to 202.09 m 2 /g (+7.3%) reinforce suitability for energy and metallurgical applications [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
HTB800 had a surface area of 202.09 m2/g, a gain of 7.3%.
“The elevated pH of 9.3 reflects progressive loss of acidic surface functionalities, while the HHV of 31.49MJ/kg and surface area gain to 202.09 m 2 /g (+7.3%) reinforce suitability for energy and metallurgical applications [74][75][76][77].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [75]

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Background
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“Poultry litter biochar, once subjected to different heat treatments, can be characterized through ‘’immediate analysis’’, which determines the fixed carbon, moisture, volatiles, ash content, in addition to the pH, electrical conductivity and zero charge point of biochars (Aller et al., 2017).”
Utilization of Syngas as Co-firing Fuel for Carbonization of Arabica Coffee Pulp
Hasibuan, R., Setiawan, A., & Faisal, F. (2024) · Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences · doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.6.8 · Cited by 3
“Proximate analysis, aimed to determine water, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents, was executed in accordance with the procedures outlined in ASTM D1762-84, as described in [16].”
The influence of sample mass (scaling effect) on the synthesis and structure of non-graphitizing carbon (biochar) during the analytical pyrolysis of biomass
Nair, R. R., Kißling, P. A., Schaate, A., Marchanka, A., Shamsuyeva, M., Behrens, P. J., & Weichgrebe, D. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ra01911j · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biological N2fixation, C accumulation and water-use efficiency (δ13C) of chickpea grown in three different soil types: response to the addition of biochar from poultry litter and acacia
Lusiba, S., Maseko, S. T., Odhiambo, J. J. O., & Adeleke, R. A. (2022) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil & Plant Science · doi:10.1080/09064710.2022.2125433 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…were analysed for pH, Ca, Mg, K, P, Mo and B. Proximate analysis such as fixed carbon, moisture content, ash content and volatile matter were analysed according to the modified analysis by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D1762-84 (2001) as described by Aller et al. (2017)).”
Method
Development of a Partitioning Kinetic Model of Biomass Gasification in Supercritical Water with a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Cui, W., & Jin, H. (2022) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01770 · Cited by 3
Effects of Rice-Husk Biochar on Nitrogen Retention, Nitrification, and Plant Nitrogen Uptake in Decontaminated Sandy Soils in Fukushima, Japan
Fawibe, K. O., 収, 中., Sekine, A., Chino, H., Akiike, Y., Yashio, S., Uraguchi, S., & Matsushima, M. (2026) · Nitrogen · doi:10.3390/nitrogen7020059 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Proximate analysis showed that the biochar consisted of 6.1% moisture, 41.4% ash, 24.3% volatile matter, and 28.2% fixed carbon [20].”
Influential
Enhancement of physicochemical properties of biochar via non-thermal plasma treatment as a catalyst for waste processing
Priyanshu, P., & Kar, S. (2025) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102381 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Magnetic biochar derived from olive pomace for efficient tetracycline removal from water
Kabak, B. (2025) · Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.51435/turkjac.1699857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Synergistic approach of biochar valorisation for silica nanoparticles in photocatalysis and residual ash as efficient heterogeneous catalysis
Srivarshan, S., Aravind, K., Saravanan, M., Jegadeesan, G., & Arumugam, A. (2025) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-025-06853-y · Cited by 2
“( 1 – 5) as mentioned in below [43].”
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Optimization Carbonization Parameters of Exhausted Coffee Husk for Iron Removal from Aqueous Solution
Puari, A. T., Yanti, N. R., Sari, N., & Rusnam, R. (2024) · Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) · doi:10.23960/jtep-l.v13i3.637-649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, the determination of ash content ( Ash ) of the biochar(s) followed the procedure by Aller et al .”
Method
Análisis de estabilidad de biochar de residuos agroforestales
Palacios-Hugo, R., Maraví, J. L. C., & Coral, M. F. C. (2023) · Acta Agronómica · doi:10.15446/acag.v71n4.94948 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Plant-substrate biochar properties critical for mediating reductive debromination of 1,2-dibromoethane.
Lindhardt, J. H., Holm, P., Zhu, Y.-G., Lu, C.-Y., & Hansen, H. C. B. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Science · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste
Ganesan, A., Barnabé, S., Langlois, S., Rezazgui, O., Bareha, Y., & Boussabbeh, C. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19133097 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Influence of operating conditions on pyrolysis of oil palm mesocarp fibre biomass for sustainable biochar production and energy recovery
Teran-Pradilla, H., Bagde, A., E., M. D. P. N., & Paul, M. C. (2026) · Biomass & Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109425 · Cited by 1
“Biochar quality is commonly characterised by proximate (moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon, ash) and ultimate (C, H, N, O, S) analyses, which together provide information on its energy content, reactivity and chemical stability [23], [24].”
Native Iron-Rich Quince-Derived Biochar for Sustainable Sulfamethoxazole Removal from Wastewater
Puga, A., Alves, A. R., Figueiredo, S. A., Sanromán, M., Pazos, M., & Delerue-Matos, C. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18168188 · Cited by 1
Unlocking the Biorefinery Potential of Neolamarckia cadamba: Temperature-Dependent Engineering of Biochar and Liquid Smoke
Hadiyane, A., Sembada, A. A., Rumidatul, A., Sumardi, D., Pari, G., Insanimuna, A., Putri, A. C., & Nuraisyah, A. J. D. (2026) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-026-10997-2
Microstructure Tuning and Performance Enhancement of Polystyrene Foams via Ball‐Milled Biochar–Induced Nucleation in Supercritical CO 2 ‐Assisted Extrusion
Gaidhani, A., Edwards, S., Xu, W. Z., Tribe, L., & Charpentier, P. (2026) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.70441 · Cited by 1
The influence of biochar pyrolysis temperature on anaerobic digestion of chicken litter in a leach bed coupled to a biochar filter
Collins, B. A., Birzer, C. H., Kidd, S. P., Hall, T., & Medwell, P. R. (2025) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102219 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Low-Temperature Carbonization on Biochar from Agricultural Waste for Heavy Metal Removal
Puari, A., & Yanti, N. R. (2025) · Journal Keteknikan Pertanian · doi:10.19028/jtep.013.1.162-178 · Cited by 1
“Ash content was determined using a modified version of the biochar analysis method (Aller et al., 2017).”
Production of Paddy Straw Biochar for Amelioration of Coastal Saline Sandy Soil
Das, M., Kumar, M., Kumar, M., & Biswas, K. (2025) · International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management · doi:10.23910/1.2025.5841 · Cited by 1
“The ash content was estimated by heating biochar and biomass samples in a muffle furnace and calculating the difference between initial weight and final weight (i-therm AI-7981) using the ASTM method of (Aller et al., 2017).”
Utilization of Coconut Plantation Weeds as a Sustainable Feedstock for Biochar Production
Dissanayaka, N. S., Sandakelum, T., Nuwarapaksha, T. D., Udumann, S. S., Nugara, R. N., & Atapattu, A. J. (2024) · Contemporary Agriculture · doi:10.2478/contagri-2024-0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rice husk ash and water management affect the GHG emission and water productivity in rice
Samoy-Pascual, K., Tokida, T., Grospe, F. S., Casil, M. E. D., Ramos, N. C., Sibayan, E., & Mizoguchi, M. (2024) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-024-10355-8 · Cited by 1
“The moisture content, volatile components, fixed carbon, and ash content were determined using the Modified ASTMD1762 method (Aller et al. 2017), while the organic carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) were analyzed by the combustion method.”
A Review About Preparation and Properties of Biochar and Application Fields in the Environment
Rawi, M. F. A., Kindi, G. Y. A., & Refaae, J. A. (2021) · Engineering and Technology Journal · doi:10.30684/etj.v39i12.1996 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The percentage of ash content was determined as a mass residual at 750 °C after 6 hours in the air [54].”
Method
Biochar Synthesis from Watermelon Rind Waste: Characterization of Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties
Kamil, A. M., Kumar, A. C., Jose, J. K., & Thomas, S. (2026) · Water, Air and Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-10035-z
“…of cavities, fissures, and a more irregular surface, which is indicative of the improved Vol.: (0123456789) be stated that higher pyrolysis temperature favors pore formation and surface roughness with gas release and matrix contraction (Aller et al., 2017; Kalina et al., 2022; Luo et al., 2024).”
Removal of Copper and Zinc Using Biochar from Wild Sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum L.): Sustainable Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Media
Ramírez, J., Prens, J., Kurt, Z., & James, A. M. (2026) · Applied Biosciences · doi:10.3390/applbiosci5040087
“Increasing thermal severity can promote surface area and pore development while simultaneously altering or reducing oxygen-containing surface functionalities [15,21,59,60].”
Parametric optimization of a molten hydroxide direct carbon fuel cell fueled with olive pomace biochar
Scolari, S., Mombelli, D., Dall'osto, G., & Mapelli, C. (2026) · International Journal of Green Energy · doi:10.1080/15435075.2026.2737948
Sustainable Adsorbent Development: Tartrazine Dye Uptake by Banana-Peel-Activated Carbon
Belém, Y. S., Mantovani, D., Monteiro, C. V. B., Almeida, V. D. C., Lima, O. C. D. M., & Cusioli, L. F. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14193057
Coconut husk biochar as a climate-smart soil amendment: optimizing pyrolysis temperature and feedstock cut size for a carbon-rich, waste-derived agricultural input
Thennakoon, T. M. D. G., Awanthi, M. G. G., Dissanayaka, N. S., Udumann, S. S., Nuwarapaksha, T. D., & Atapattu, A. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2026.1899786
Thermochemical processes (mechanisms?) of biochar production under KUNTAN kiln and NABERTHERM furnace. Effects of technologies on organic fractions
Baba, M. E., Nartey, E. K., Dowuona, G. N., Abekoe, M. K., Yeboah, E., Akumah, A. M., & Eduah, J. O. (2026) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.70425
“29 The ultimate analysis results were used to calculate the various atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, C/N), and polarity (O + N/C) of the biochar types, as was the case of the feedstocks.”
Preliminary Techno–Economic Assessment of Carbonization Methods and Comparison of Napier Grass and Sewage Sludge Biochar for Soil Fertility Improvement
Bisht, A., Shiyamla Jasmin, P., Jalera, P., Bhagat, M. S., Rasheed, M. A., & Gattupalli, A. (2026) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202506297
Bimetallic aluminum lanthanum modified coffee husk derived nanobiochar for nitrate adsorptive removal: kinetics and isothermal studies
Lami, W. G., & Regasa, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-50522-1
“Proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, volatile matter (VM), and fixed carbon of biochars was conducted according to American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) method number D1762-84 22 . where m bc = mass of biochar (g); m bm = mass of raw biomass (g).”
Valorization of Jew’s ear mushroom spent substrate into high-value carbon materials and effect of pyrolysis temperature
Aup-Ngoen, K. K., Noipitak, M., Kaowphong, S., & Srithundon, S. (2026) · Carbon Trends · doi:10.1016/j.cartre.2026.100657
From invasion to circular restoration: Prosopis juliflora biochar enhances native drought resilience
Ali, H. E., Al‐Mahrouqi, R., Al‐Rushaidi, A., & Al-Wahaibi, A. M. (2026) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.70411
Evaluating the suitability of selected lignocellulosic biomass for clinker and pozzolana components partial replacement in cement production
Ongora, S., Zziwa, A., Kizito, S., Balimunsi, H. K., Nsubuga, D., & Matsape, D. (2026) · Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s41024-026-00776-z
STUDY OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOCHAR OBTAINED FROM COTTON STALK WASTE BY PYROLYSIS
A., D. X., M., T. B., & D., U. (2026) · Advances in Science and Sustainability · doi:10.70728/susta.v02.i04.001
Tailoring biochar–nitrogen strategies to soil texture: Enhancing wheat yield and moderating downward nitrogen movement in semi-arid agroecosystems
Sharafi, S. (2026) · Information Processing in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.inpa.2026.03.005
Biochar reduces road-salt-induced osmotic stress and improves plant water availability in green stormwater infrastructure.
Finnegan, M., Khatei, G., Archibald, L., Rinaldo, T., Caplan, J. S., Pelt, R. V. V., Mohanty, S., D'Odorico, P., & Ravi, S. (2026) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2026.125598
Activated Carbon Derived from Plane Tree (Platanus) Fruits by Ba(OH)2 Activation and Its Possible Application as Catalyst Support in Reforming Processes: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of Thermal Reactivation with Mechanistic Investigation
Janković, B., Marinović-Cincović, M. T., Bukumira, J., Radovanović, M. P., & Dodevski, V. M. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13123835

Authors: Aller, D., Bakshi, S., & Laird, D. A.
Affiliations: Iowa State University (US)
Corresponding author: Laird, David A.
ORCID: Aller, Deborah
Bakshi, Santanu
Laird, David A.
Venue: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-03
Volume: 124
Pages: 335-342
ISSN: 0165-2370 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2017.01.012
OpenAlex: W2576745779
Cited by: 121
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 2.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 394 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
National Science Foundation (EPS-1101284)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Keywords: biochar, proximate analysis, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, moisture content, sample oxidation, boundary temperature, biochar stability, soil amendment

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