Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions
Open accessAbstract
Biochar was produced by fixed‐bed slow pyrolysis from various feedstock biomasses under a range of process conditions. Feedstocks used were pine wood, wheat straw, green waste and dried algae. Process conditions varied were the highest treatment temperature (HTT) and residence time. The produced chars were characterized by proximate analysis, CHN‐elemental analysis, pH in solution, bomb calorimetry for higher heating value, N 2 adsorption for BET surface area and two biological degradation assays (oxygen demand, carbon mineralization in soil). In proximate analysis, it was found that the fixed carbon content (expressed in wt% of dry and ash‐free biochar) in the biochar samples strongly depended on the intensity of the thermal treatment (i.e. higher temperatures and longer residence times in the pyrolysis process). The actual yield in fixed carbon (i.e. the biochar fixed carbon content expressed as wt% of the dry and ash‐free original feedstock biomass weight) was practically insensitive to the highest treatment temperature or residence time. The pH in solution, higher heating value and BET surface positively correlated with pyrolysis temperature. Finally, soil incubation tests showed that the addition of biochar to the soil initially marginally reduced the C‐mineralization rate compared against the control soil samples, for which a possible explanation could be that the soil microbial community needs to adapt to the new conditions. This effect was more pronounced when adding chars with high fixed carbon content (resulting from more severe thermal treatment), as chars with low fixed carbon content (produced through mild thermal treatment) had a larger amount of volatile, more easily biodegradable, carbon compounds.
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The decrease in VM with increasing temperature was observed because increasing temperature resulted in further cracking of volatile fractions into low-molecular-weight liquids and gases instead of biochar.
“This was observed because the increasing temperature resulted in further cracking of the volatile fractions into low-molecular-weight liquids and gases instead of biochar”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Ronsse et al. 2012
The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) reports that biochar’s volatile matter content declined as pyrolysis severity increased. The Proximate analysis section describes progressive devolatilization, and the Introduction identifies liquid and gaseous pyrolysis products. The paper does not establish the more specific explanation that volatile fractions underwent further cracking into low-molecular-weight liquids and gases instead of biochar. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe pH of a biochar is likely to be correlated with its contents of lignin, hemicelluloses or cellulose and the presence of oxygen functionalities.
“The pH of a biochar is likely to be correlated with its contents of lignin, hemicelluloses or cellulose and the presence of oxygen functionalities (Ronsse et al. 2012).”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Ronsse et al. 2012
The “Biochar pH in solution” section (page unavailable) says biochar pH is likely correlated with oxygen functionalities, alongside ash content. It does not link pH to the biochar’s lignin, hemicellulose, or cellulose contents; the Introduction mentions lignin and cellulose only as biomass constituents broken down during pyrolysis. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBiomass and parameters (pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time) can affect the products during pyrolysis.
“The biomass and parameters (pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time) can affect the products during the pyrolysis processes (Ronsse et al. 2013), as shown in Table2.”
From Review of organic and inorganic pollutants removal by biochar and biochar-based composites (2021) · cites this paper as Ronsse et al. 2013
Fusion of molten ash filling pores in biochar possibly decreases accessible surface area.
“This is possibly explained by fusion of molten ash filling up pores in the biochar, thereby decreasing accessible surface area”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Ronsse et al. 2012
Higher amount of inorganic (i.e. ash content) in biomass feedstock negatively correlates with specific surface area in biochars.
“higher amount of inorganic (i.e.ash content) in the biomass feedstock negatively correlate with specific surface area in the biochars”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Ronsse et al. 2012
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- Authors
- Ronsse, F., van Hecke, S., Dickinson, D., & Prins, W.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Biosystems Engineering Ghent University Coupure Links 653 Gent B‐9000 Belgium
- Corresponding author
- Ronsse, Frederik
- Venue
- GCB Bioenergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-10-16
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104-115
- ISSN
- 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-1707
- OpenAlex
- W2097457893
- Cited by
- 1,000
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 10.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Evonik Industries
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- biochar, slow pyrolysis, feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, residence time, pine forest, wheat straw, green waste, fixed carbon, higher heating value, BET surface area, soil carbon mineralization, soil incubation, oxygen requirement, soil pH
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