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Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of Syncope, Risk Factors, and Role of Hospital Admission
Open accessAbstract
Objective We sought to assess short- and long-term prognosis of syncope and associated risk factors.Background Syncope is a common clinical event, but our knowledge of its short-term outcome is largely incomplete. Further, it is unknown whether hospital admission might positively affect a patient's syncope prognosis.Methods We screened 2,775 consecutive subjects who presented for syncope at 4 emergency departments between January and July 2004. Short- and long-term severe outcomes (i.e., death and major therapeutic procedures) and related risk factors were compared in all enrolled patients arrayed according to hospital admission or discharge.Results A total of 676 subjects were included in the study. Forty-one subjects (6.1%) experienced severe outcomes (5 deaths, 0.7%; 36 major therapeutic procedures, 5.4%) in the 10 days after presentation. An abnormal electrocardiogram, concomitant trauma, absence of symptoms of impending syncope, and male gender were associated with short-term unfavorable outcomes. Long-term severe outcomes were 9.3% (40 deaths, 6.0%; 22 major therapeutic procedures, 3.3%), and their occurrence was correlated with an age >65 years, history of neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, structural heart diseases, and ventricular arrhythmias. Short-term major therapeutic procedures were more common (p < 0.05) in subjects who had been admitted to hospital (13.3%) than in discharged (1.6%), whereas mortality was similar. One-year mortality was greater (p < 0.05) in admitted (14.7%) than in discharged (1.8%) patients.Conclusions Risk factors for short- and long-term adverse outcomes after syncope differed. Hospital admission favorably influenced syncope short term prognosis. Instead, 1-year mortality was unaffected by hospital admission and related to comorbidity.
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“A few prospective studies developed clinical decision tools to identify patients at risk of serious adverse events within 30 days. 8,9,13,14”
From Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events after emergency department assessment of syncope (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
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“However, they have poor diagnostic test characteristics and several methodological flaws that preclude their widespread adoption by clinicians.”
From Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events after emergency department assessment of syncope (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Five prospective syncope studies attempted to develop tools for identification of short-term risk of serious adverse events. 8,9,13,14,26”
From Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events after emergency department assessment of syncope (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Clinical decision rules can predict poor outcomes, but most syncope deaths and many poor outcomes are associated with underlying illness rather than syncope per se , 58 particularly in the long term. 56”
From 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
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“Several previous prospective studies have reported heart disease and abnormal ECG findings as independent risk factors for serious outcomes among patients with syncope. 13,14,29”
From Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events after emergency department assessment of syncope (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
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“The Short-Term Prognosis in Syncope (STePS) Study identified risk factors for death and therapeutic interventions within 10 days. 14”
From Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events after emergency department assessment of syncope (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Three of the studies 13,14,26 included re admission to hospital without identification of serious underlying conditions as an outcome.”
From Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events after emergency department assessment of syncope (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
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External Cardiac Loop Recorders: Functionalities, Diagnostic Efficacy, Challenges and Opportunities
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Self-citationPredictors of hospital admission after syncope: relationships with clinical risk scores
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Self-citationSyncope Risk Stratification in the ED : Directions for Future Research
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Self-citationSyncope Risk Assessment in the Emergency Department and Clinic
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Simple risk stratification score for prognosis of syncope
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“Hospital admission for syncope is characterized by a greater mortality during long-term follow-up when compared to those discharged [10].”
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“It is responsible for 1–3% of all emergency department (ED) visits, and its incidence is reported to be up to 30% in the general population [1, 2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLack of benefit from hospitalization in patients with syncope: A propensity analysis
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Self-citationPersonalised risk prediction following emergency department assessment for syncope
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Self-citationSyncope: Etiology and diagnostic approach
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“…patients with syncope: to determine the etiology of syncope and to stratify the risk of future adverse outcomes (Figure 1) (Brignole et al., 2004; Colivicchi et al., 2003; Costantino et al., 2008; Disertori et al., 2003; Quinn, McDermott, Stiell, Kohn, & Wells, 2004; Sun 66 Thanavaro et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGeriatric Syncope and Cardiovascular Risk in the Emergency Department
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Syncope And Atrial Fibrillation: Which Is The Chicken And Which Is The Egg?
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Self-citationReliability of Clinical Assessments in Older Adults With Syncope or Near Syncope
Nishijima, D. K., Laurie, A., Weiss, R. E., Yagapen, A. N., Malveau, S. E., Adler, D. H., Bastani, A., Baugh, C. W., Caterino, J. M., Clark, C. L., et al. (2016) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12977 · Cited by 9
A New Feasible Syncope Risk Score Appropriate for Emergency Department: A Prospective Cohort Study
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Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo del síncope (versión 2009)
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“The timing of follow-up would ideally occur within 48 hours based on the concentration of adverse outcomes following syncope occurring in this time period.(35) Outpatient management strategies for low-risk patients with a number of acute medical conditions similar to syncope have not adversely affected mortality rates…”
BackgroundBarbic, F., Dipaola, F., Solbiati, M., & Furlan, R. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.086 · Cited by 8
Self-citationA Hybrid Model for 30-Day Syncope Prognosis Prediction in the Emergency Department
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“This ANN, when tested on a cohort of 1844 patients from three independent prospective studies [4,6,32], proved to predict a previously established composite endpoint [9,23] 7–10 days after -ED evaluation.”
MethodSelf-citationThe Etiology of Syncope in an Emergency Hospital
Bădilă, E., Negrea, C., Rîpă, A., Weiss, E., Bartos, D., & Tirziu, C. M. (2016) · Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1515/rjim-2016-0023 · Cited by 7
Recommendations for the Evaluation and Management of Observation Services
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Syncope: risk stratification and clinical decision making.
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Approach to the Patient with Suspected Arrhythmia
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Self-citationSyncope Prediction Scores in the Emergency Department
Liu, T., Liang, Y., Li, X., Tse, G., King, E., Roever, L., & Li, G. (2022) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573403x18666220321104129 · Cited by 6
“The data from the STePS study [35] identified the following risk factors: age (cid:2) 65 years, history of neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, structural heart diseases, and ventricular arrhythmias for predicting serious outcomes from the 11 th day up to 1 year after the ED visit.”
BackgroundMethodTonegawa‐Kuji, R., Inoue, Y. Y., Nakai, M., Kanaoka, K., Sumita, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Wakamiya, A., Shimamoto, K., Ueda, N., Nakajima, K., et al. (2022) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2022.12.007 · Cited by 5
“Comorbidities of structural heart disease, such as structural changes due to valvular disease, or ischemic/nonischemic cardiomyopathy, are known risk factors for cardiogenic syncope.(20,21) However, none was a significant predictor of PDI in this study.”
BackgroundIs head injury characteristic of arrhythmic syncope?
Furukawa, T., Hachiya, H., Isobe, M., & Hirao, K. (2013) · Journal of Arrhythmia · doi:10.1016/j.joa.2012.12.001 · Cited by 6
Syncope in Patients with Organic Heart Disease
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Predicting the Outcomes of Inpatient Cardiac Evaluation for Syncope Using Validated Risk Scores
Frydman, S., Freund, O., Zornitzki, L., Katash, H. A., Topilsky, Y., & Borenstein, G. (2024) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.05.035 · Cited by 5
Allen, R. W., deSouza, I. S., Wakai, A., Richards, R. J., Ardilouze, A., Dunne, E., Rovic, I., Benabbas, R., Zehtabchi, S., & Sinert, R. H. (2025) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.15111 · Cited by 5
Sudden Death Risk in Syncope: The Role of The Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
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“Any relationship between syncope and death must be considered from the standpoint of short and long-term risk.(28,29) The short-term (usually measured as 1 week to 1 month) risk is critical when evaluating syncope in an”
BackgroundFurlan, L., Trombetta, L., Casazza, G., Dipaola, F., Furlan, R., Marta, C., Numeroso, F., Pérez‐Rodon, J., Quinn, J., Reed, M. J., et al. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57111235 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSyncope workup: Greater yield in select trauma population
Harfouche, M., Cline, M., Mazzei, M. M., & Santora, T. A. (2017) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.080 · Cited by 5
Review article: Utility of troponin after syncope: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Can I Send This Syncope Patient Home From the Emergency Department?
Tannenbaum, L., Keim, S. M., April, M. D., Long, B., Koyfman, A., & Mattu, A. (2021) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.07.060 · Cited by 5
Current concepts in the evaluation and management of syncope
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“Although previous work has shown that men have been shown to have more frequent episodes of syncope (Sun, Emond, & Camargo, 2004) and worse outcomes from syncope (Costantino et al., 2008), these results apply to all etiologies of syncope and were not specific for PPH.”
ResultRisk prediction tools for Syncope: The quest for the holy grail
Palaniswamy, C., & Aronow, W. S. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.07.127 · Cited by 5
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Levra, A. G., Gatti, M., Menè, R., Shiffer, D., Costantino, G., Solbiati, M., Furlan, R., & Dipaola, F. (2025) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-025-04034-x · Cited by 4
“In their respective validation studies, the OESIL score reported an AUC of 0.89, the EGYS score 0.80, and the SFSR 0.92 [11, 31–34].”
InfluentialSelf-citationSíncope y escalas de riesgo ¿Qué evidencia se tiene?
Mora, G., Rendón, I. D., Martínez, J. L., Santana, L. J. C., & Eslava, J. H. (2011) · Revista Colombiana de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/s0120-5633(11)70207-8 · Cited by 4
Risk Stratification of Patients Presenting with Transient Loss of Consciousness
Puppala, V. K., Akkaya, M., Dickinson, O., & Benditt, D. G. (2015) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2015.04.007 · Cited by 4
Syncope in the young athlete: Assessment of prognosis in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Magalhães-Ribeiro, C., & Freitas, J. P. (2016) · Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia · doi:10.1016/j.repc.2016.04.007 · Cited by 3
Brain, D., Yan, A., Morel, D., Ballard, E. L., Hunter, J. M., Hocking, J., & Chan, J. (2022) · Emergency Medicine Australasia · doi:10.1111/1742-6723.14139 · Cited by 3
“Risk stratification using clinical decision rules are often employed to guide patient disposition and reduce unnecessary admissions; however, none have been robust enough for universal adoption.(11) The Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS) has been the latest decision rule derived and validated in a large multicentre co…”
MethodAkdemir, B., Krishnan, B., Şentürk, T., & Benditt, D. G. (2015) · Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ipej.2015.07.005 · Cited by 3
“[23] Costantino G, Perego F, Dipaola F, Borella M, Galli A, Cantoni G, et al.”
BackgroundVom Bewusstseinsverlust zur Synkope
Ebert, H., Walter, C., & Volkmann, H. (2011) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-011-0127-0 · Cited by 3
Potential Role of Biomarkers in the Management of Syncope
Arici, B., Maeder, M., Schüetz, P., Muelle, B., & Albrich, W. C. (2012) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2012.37a131 · Cited by 4
Syncope : ce qu’il ne faut pas manquer
Kouakam, C. (2012) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.03.007 · Cited by 3
“[11] Costantino G, Perego F, Dipaola F, Borella M, Galli A, Cantoni G et al.”
BackgroundIs syncope a risk predictor in the general population?
Ruwald, M. H., & Nordkamp, L. R. A. O. (2014) · Cardiology Journal · doi:10.5603/cj.a2014.0073 · Cited by 3
“The Framingham Heart Study [9] (n = 7,814) evaluated the incidence and prognosis among the participants in this study of the general population.”
BackgroundInfluentialSyncope Risk Stratification in the Emergency Department: Another Step Forward
Nicks, B. A., & Hiestand, B. C. (2016) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.13036 · Cited by 3
Blythe, R. D., Kularatna, S., White, N. M., Graves, N., Clark, K. W., Middleton, H., & Grimley, R. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afz086 · Cited by 3
Epidemiological studies on syncope.
Ruwald, M. H. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Enfoque semiológico de las palpitaciones
Gaviria, M. Á., Bustos, C. H., & Mora, G. (2014) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v62n1.43779 · Cited by 3
Ray, J. C., Kusumoto, F. M., & Goldschlager, N. (2014) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066614552988 · Cited by 3
Weir, C. J., Reed, M. J., Simpson, K., Lang, C., Grubb, N. R., & Gray, A. J. (2020) · doi:10.17504/protocols.io.bgtfjwjn · Cited by 2
The Benefit of Implantable Loop Recorders in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Syncope
Thanavaro, J. L., & Thanavaro, S. (2009) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.03.018 · Cited by 2
Clinical evaluation and risk stratification in patients with syncope
Koenig, T. W., Duncker, D., Hohmann, S., Schroeder, C., Oswald, H., & Veltmann, C. (2014) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-014-4099-9 · Cited by 2
Syncope in Patients with Organic Heart Disease
Olshansky, B., & Sullivan, R. M. (2013) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2013.08.006 · Cited by 2
Epidemiological studies on syncope--a register based approach.
Ruwald, M. H. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 2
Observation Medicine and Clinical Decision Units
Mahadevan, M., & Graff, L. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05472-0.00196-1 · Cited by 2
Malaise, lipothymie et syncope
Cambournac-Buan, A., Dadone, B. C., & Trinh-Duc, A. (2014) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1241-8234(22)47282-8 · Cited by 2
Klein, H. H. (2018) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-018-0565-z · Cited by 2
Díaz-Tribaldos, D. C., Mora, G., Olaya, A., Marín, J. E., & Matamoros, F. A. S. (2017) · Archivos de cardiología de México · doi:10.1016/j.acmx.2017.06.007 · Cited by 2
Vasovagal Syncope at Work: A Narrative Review for an Occupational Management Proposal
Corvino, A. R., Russo, V., Monaco, M. G. L., Garzillo, E. M., Guida, D., Comune, A., Parente, E., Lamberti, M., & Miraglia, N. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20085460 · Cited by 2
Massicotte‐Azarniouch, D., Kuwornu, J. P., McCallum, M. K., Bansal, N., Lam, N. N., Molnar, A. O., Pun, P. H., Zimmerman, D. L., Garg, A. X., & Sood, M. M. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.08.033 · Cited by 2
Synkopendiagnostik: wann ambulant, wann stationär?
Schuchert, A., & Wille, E. (2008) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-008-3145-x · Cited by 2
“In der STePS-Studie verstarben in den ersten 10 Tagen nach der Indexsynkope fünf Patienten, wobei drei Todesfälle nach Krankenhausaufnahme und zwei Todesfälle im ambulanten Bereich auftraten [12].”
BackgroundDo outcomes of near syncope parallel syncope?
Cernuschi, G., Bonzi, M., Fiorelli, E. M., & Birocchi, S. (2012) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.05.036 · Cited by 2
Progress in the pharmacological management of vasovagal syncope
Giambusso, V. G., Rafanelli, M., & Sheldon, R. S. (2025) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2025.2596875 · Cited by 1
Kenny, R. A. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp2517255 · Cited by 3
Mechanism and Prognosis of Syncope in Acquired and Inherited Cardiac Disorders
Ruwald, M. H. (2014) · Journal of Cardiology and Therapy · Cited by 1
O come, all ye faithful: a study on church syncope
Mitra, B., Tagg, A., Fyfe, E., & O’Reilly, G. M. (2013) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja13.11314 · Cited by 1
Campana, C., & Oliva, F. (2014) · Giornale italiano di cardiologia · doi:10.1714/1394.15512 · Cited by 1
Paz-Meneses, M. A., & Mora-Pabón, G. (2016) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v64n3.53015 · Cited by 1
“Some of them, like the San Francisco Syncope Rule (SFSR), the Boston Syncope Rule, Oesil, Steps and Egsys, have shown deficiencies mainly when attempting external validation, exposing different results (4,5).”
BackgroundSyncope in Older People in the Emergency Department
Ali, N. J., Joly, L., & Grossman, S. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19318-2_10 · Cited by 1
2018 KHRS guideline for the evaluation and management of syncope-Part 1
Park, J., Cha, M.-J., Kim, D. H., Kim, Y. R., Mun, H. S., Bae, E. J., Seo, D. W., Song, M. K., Ahn, J., Yoon, H. D., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Arrhythmia · doi:10.18501/arrhythmia.2018.009 · Cited by 1
Considering the Need to Expand the Indications for Wearable Defibrillator Therapy
Milan, D. J., Klein, H., Gimbel, J., Knilans, T. K., Mirro, M. J., & Zirille, F. M. (2019) · Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management · doi:10.19102/icrm.2019.100707 · Cited by 1
Desenlaces a un año en pacientes con síncope de alto y bajo riesgo
Sánchez, A. O., Tejeda-Camargo, M. J., Cárcamo, L., Vergara, D. V., Díaz, A., & Mora, G. (2020) · Revista Colombiana de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.rccar.2019.09.016 · Cited by 1
Diagnostic approaches to syncope in Internal Medicine Departments and their effect on mortality
Galron, E., Kehat, O., Weiss‐Meilik, A., Furlan, R., & Jacob, G. (2022) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2022.05.015 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Costantino, G., Perego, F., Dipaola, F., Borella, M., Galli, A., Cantoni, G., Dell’Orto, S., Dassi, S., Filardo, N., Duca, P. G., Montano, N., & Furlan, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Furlan, Raffaello
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-283
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169409503
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 17.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Regione Lombardia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Associated Phenomena
- Keywords
- syncope, prognosis, risk factors, hospitalization, mortality, electrocardiographic abnormalities, comorbidities, ventricular arrhythmias, structural heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, emergency department patients
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Syncope, Comorbidity
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