Gender, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Sexism of Obesity ∗

2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a · Cited by 7,081 · see citing works

Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines

Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Merz, C. N. B., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133317.49796.0e · Cited by 6,902 · see citing works

Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010.

Flegal, K., Carroll, M., Kit, B., & Ogden, C. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.39 · Cited by 5,523 · see citing works

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update

Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80 · Cited by 5,207 · see citing works

2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults

Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 3,845 · see citing works

Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes

The Look AHEAD Research Group (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1212914 · Cited by 2,908 · see citing works

Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease

Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.252 · Cited by 648 · see citing works

Why is diabetes mellitus a stronger risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in women than in men? The Rancho Bernardo Study

Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.265.5.627 · Cited by 638 · see citing works

Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. From 1980 Through 2002

Ford, E. S., & Capewell, S. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.056 · Cited by 589 · see citing works

Representation of Women in Randomized Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Melloni, C., Berger, J. S., Wang, T. Y., Gunes, F., Stebbins, A., Pieper, K. S., Dolor, R. J., Douglas, P. S., Mark, D. B., & Newby, L. K. (2010) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.110.868307 · Cited by 455 · see citing works

Why Is Diabetes Mellitus a Stronger Risk Factor for Fatal Ischemic Heart Disease in Women Than in Men?

Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460050081025 · Cited by 417 · see citing works

The Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: protocol design, methodology and feasibility report

Merz, C. N. B., Kelsey, S. F., Pepine, C. J., Reichek, N., Reís, S. E., Rogers, W. J., Sharaf, B. L., & Sopko, G. S. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00082-0 · Cited by 373 · see citing works

Sex Differences in Cardiac Risk Factors, Perceived Risk, and Health Care Provider Discussion of Risk and Risk Modification Among Young Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Leifheit-Limson, E. C., D’Onofrio, G., Daneshvar, M., Geda, M. E., Bueno, H., Spertus, J. A., Krumholz, H. M., & Lichtman, J. H. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.859 · Cited by 236 · see citing works

Women and Coronary Heart Disease: A Century After Herrick: Understudied, Underdiagnosed, and Undertreated

Wenger, N. K. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.086892 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Gender Differences in Weight-Related Attitudes and Behaviors Among Overweight and Obese Adults in the United States

Tsai, S. A., Lv, N., Xiao, L., & Ma, J. (2015) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988314567223 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

Impact of gender in primary prevention of coronary heart disease with statin therapy: a meta-analysis

Petretta, M., Costanzo, P., Perrone-Filardi, P., & Chiariello, M. (2010) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.08.001 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Opportunity for Intervention to Achieve American Heart Association Guidelines for Optimal Lipid Levels in High-Risk Women in a Managed Care Setting

Mosca, L. J., Merz, C. N. B., Blumenthal, R. S., Cziraky, M. J., Fabunmi, R. P., Sarawate, C. A., Watson, K. E., Willey, V. J., & Stanek, E. J. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000153859.66086.85 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Gender Differences in the Trajectory of Recovery in Health Status Among Young Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Dreyer, R. P., Wang, Y., Strait, K. M., Lorenze, N. P., D’Onofrio, G., Bueno, H., Lichtman, J. H., Spertus, J. A., & Krumholz, H. M. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.014503 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

The Yentl syndrome is alive and well

Merz, C. N. B. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr083 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

“Fair Play”: A Videogame Designed to Address Implicit Race Bias Through Active Perspective Taking

Gutierrez, B., Kaatz, A., Chu, S., Ramirez, D., Samson-Samuel, C., & Carnes, M. (2014) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2013.0071 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of LDL-Related Risk

Morris, P. B., Ballantyne, C. M., Birtcher, K. K., Dunn, S. P., & Urbina, E. M. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

The Case for Sex- and Gender-Specific Medicine

Merz, C. N. B., & Regitz‐Zagrosek, V. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.320 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

WOMEN SPEAK UP ABOUT HEART HEALTH ACTION: A WOMENS HEART ALLIANCE RESEARCH REPORT

Merz, C. N. B., Andersen, H. S., Keida, M., Sprague, E., Walsh, M., Greenberger, P. E., Campbell, S., Pollin, I. S., Brown, N., Jenkins, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(16)32040-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Abstract 14230: Women Speak up About Personalized Heart Health Awareness: A Women’s Heart Alliance Research Report

Johnson, P. A., Merz, N. C. B., Andersen, H. S., Keida, M., Sprague, E., Walsh, M. N., Greenberger, P. E., Campbell, S. M., Pollin, I. S., Jenkins, M., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.14230 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Anterior cruciate ligament injury: towards a gendered environmental approach

Parsons, J. L., Coen, S. E., & Bekker, S. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103173 · Cited by 300 · see citing works

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs Regarding Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Bairey Merz, C. N., Andersen, H., Sprague, E., Burns, A., Keida, M., Walsh, M. N., Greenberger, P., Campbell, S., Pollin, I., McCullough, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.024 · Cited by 267 · see citing works

Gender discrimination in the United States: Experiences of women

SteelFisher, G. K., Findling, M. G., Bleich, S. N., Casey, L. S., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13217 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Sex in Context: Limitations of Animal Studies for Addressing Human Sex/Gender Neurobehavioral Health Disparities

Eliot, L., & Richardson, S. S. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1391-16.2016 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Addressing the Gap in Physician Preparedness To Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Women: a Comprehensive Approach to Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Women

Isakadze, N., Mehta, P. K., Law, K. L., Dolan, M., & Lundberg, G. P. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-019-0753-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Sex differences in coronary heart disease risk factors: rename it ischaemic heart disease!

AlBadri, A., Wei, J., Mehta, P. K., Shah, R. U., Herscovici, R., Gulati, M., SHUFELT, C. L., & Merz, C. N. B. (2017) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311921 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Early identification and treatment of women's cardiovascular risk factors prevents cardiovascular disease, saves lives, and protects future generations: Policy recommendations and take action plan utilizing policy levers

Ivey, S. L., Hanley, H. R., Taylor, C., Stock, E. O., Vora, N., Woo, J. M., Johnson, S., Merz, C. N. B., & Right Care Women's Cardiovascular Writing Group (2022) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.23921 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Countering sex and gender bias in cardiovascular research requires more than equal recruitment and sex disaggregated analyses

Steuernagel, C. R., Lam, C. S. P., & Greenhalgh, T. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075031 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Functional Interaction of Endothelin Receptors in Mediating Natriuresis Evoked by G Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1

Gohar, E. Y., & Pollock, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.120.000322 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Quantifying Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Care Among Patients Evaluated for Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease

Ladapo, J. A., Pfeifer, J. M., Pitcavage, J. M., Williams, B. A., & Choy-Shan, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Effect modification of general and central obesity by sex and age on cardiovascular outcomes: Targeted maximum likelihood estimation in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study

Saadati, H. M., Sabour, S., Mansournia, M. A., Mehrabi, Y., & Nazari, S. S. H. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Health Care Professional's Knowledge of Pregnancy Complications and Women's Cardiovascular Health: An International Study Utilizing Social Media

Wu, P., Mamas, M. A., & Gulati, M. (2022) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0298 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Pregnancy outcomes, reproductive history and cardiovascular disease risk in women: What do we know and what is needed?

Wei, J., Minissian, M., & Merz, C. N. B. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316664148 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Women in Cardiovascular Clinical Trials—What Are the Barriers to Address to Improve Enrollment?

Pacheco, C., & Merz, C. N. B. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2019.03.018 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Challenges in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction and Stratification in Women

Henry, S. A., Bond, R. M., Rosen, S. E., Grines, C. L., & Mieres, J. H. (2019) · Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications · doi:10.15212/cvia.2017.0068 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Cardiovascular Health and Obesity in Women: Is Cardiorespiratory Fitness the Answer?

Lavie, C. J., Archer, E., & Jahangir, E. (2016) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5696 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Disparity in Care Across the CVD Spectrum

Henry, S. A., & Mieres, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819369-3.00009-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The influence of patient gender on exercise prescription in ACL reconstruction rehabilitation

Butler, L., Erdman, A. L., Greenberg, E. M., Janosky, J. J., Bailey, M., Martinez, A., Myer, G. D., & Ulman, S. M. (2025) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2025.01.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Breaking Female Hearts: The Gender Gap in Cardiovascular Research

Fiedler, L. R. (2016) · Heart Research - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/hroj-3-e006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sex-specific disease association and genetic architecture of retinal vascular traitsPreprint

Böttger, L., Bontempi, D., Trofimova, O., Beyeler, M. J., Bors, S., Iuliani, I., Quintas, I., Presby, D. M., & Bergmann, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665150 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sex-specific disease association and genetic architecture of retinal vascular traitsPreprint

Bergmann, S., Böttger, L., Bontempi, D., Trofimova, O., Beyeler, M. J., Bors, S., Iuliani, I., Quintas, I., & Presby, D. M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7472272/v1

Cardiovascular Disease and Endometrial Cancer

Mehta, P. K., & Merz, C. N. B. (2012) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.06.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Sexual Dimorphism in Cardiovascular Disease

Bakir, S. E., & Oparil, S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-38141-1_10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Rosenbaum, L. R., Shah, S. V., & Wood, M. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4441-0_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Women and Cardiovascular Disease: The Gender Gap—A Life-Course and Sex-Specific Perspective

Eifert, S. (2026) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd13070316

Status of Women in Cardiovascular Clinical Trials

Kim, E. S. H., & Menon, V. (2009) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.179796 · Cited by 170 · see citing works