Cited by 280Treatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

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Gender differences in major depressive disorder: Results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety

Schuch, Jérôme J.J., Roest, Annelieke M., Nolen, Willem A., Penninx, Brenda W.J.H., de Jonge, Peter·2014·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.011

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Abstract

Background Although an overall gender difference in prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been well established, several questions concerning gender differences in the clinical manifestation of depression remain. This study aims to identify gender differences in psychopathology, treatment, and public health consequences in patients with MDD.Methods Baseline data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were used, including 1115 participants (364 men, 751 women, mean age 41 years) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of current MDD. Characteristics studied included symptom profiles, comorbidity, treatment, and public health consequences.Results Women reported a younger age of onset of single (27.8 years vs. 31.6 years; p=0.001) and recurrent MDD (24.8 years vs. 27.6 years; p=0.014), a higher comorbidity of panic disorder with agoraphobia (24.9% vs. 17.3%; p=0.006) and life-time overall anxiety disorder (77.6% vs. 71.4%; p=0.029) than men. More men than women suffered from comorbid alcohol dependence or abuse (48.1% vs. 24.5%; p<0.001). An increased prevalence of atypical depression in women (24.6% vs. 17.3%; p=0.009) was found. Women were treated more frequently by an alternative caretaker (20.6% vs. 14.8%; p=0.025), men more often in mental health care organizations (61.0% vs. 53.7%; p=0.025). No gender differences in frequency of medication use or counseling were found.Limitations Cross sectional design.Conclusions Main gender differences in the clinical presentation of MDD concerned a younger age of onset, higher anxiety and lower alcohol use comorbidity and higher prevalence of atypical depression in women. These differences were accompanied by differences in health care use.

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Authors: Schuch, J. J. J., Roest, A. M., Nolen, W. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & de Jonge, P.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Schuch, Jérôme J.J.
ORCID: Roest, Annelieke M.
Nolen, Willem A.
Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-03
Volume: 156
Pages: 156-163
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.011
OpenAlex: W2078820641
Cited by: 280
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 12.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: major depressive disorder, gender differences, age of onset, recurrent depression, panic disorder with agoraphobia, anxiety comorbidity, alcoholism, atypical depression, mental health service utilization, NESDA
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Employment, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Sex Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Age of Onset, Young Adult

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Gender differences in major depressive disorder: Results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety

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