Cited by 87Sex and Gender in HealthcareSexual Differentiation and DisordersGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

Sex, hormones, and genotype interact to influence psychiatric disease, treatment, and behavioral research

Open access
Gobinath, Aarthi R., Choleris, Elena, Galea, Liisa A.M.·2017·Journal of Neuroscience Research

Abstract

Sex differences exist in the vulnerability, incidence, manifestation, and treatment of numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases. Despite this observation prominent in the literature, little consideration has been given to possible sex differences in outcome in both preclinical and clinical research. This Mini-Review highlights evidence supporting why studying sex differences matter for advances in brain health as well as improving treatment for neurological and psychiatric disease. Additionally, we discuss some statistical and methodological considerations in evaluating sex differences as well as how differences in the physiology of the sexes can contribute to sex difference in disease incidence and manifestation. Furthermore, we review literature demonstrating that the reproductive experience in the female can render the female brain differentially vulnerable to disease across age. Finally, we discuss how genes interact with sex to influence disease risk and treatment and argue that sex must be considered in precision medicine. Together the evidence reviewed here supports the inclusion of males and females at all levels of neuroscience research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/jnr.23872

Cites

151 of 151 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gobinath, A. R., Choleris, E., & Galea, L. A. M.
Affiliations
  • University of British Columbia (CA)
  • University of Guelph (CA)
Corresponding author
Galea, Liisa A.M.
Venue
Journal of Neuroscience Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016-11-07
Volume
95
Issue
1-2
Pages
50-64
ISSN
  • 0360-4012 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-4547
OpenAlex
W2554026124
Cited by
87
References
151
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5
FWCI
1.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Neuroscience Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Open Collections
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords
sex differences, sex hormones, mental illness, neurological disorders, disease susceptibility, treatment response, reproductive experience, brain aging, precision medicine, sex as a biological variable
MeSH terms
Animals, Mental Disorders, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Behavioral Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review