Diagnostic instability of recurrence and the impact on recurrence rates in depressive and anxiety disorders
Abstract
Background Despite increasing evidence for the diagnostic instability between and within depressive and anxiety disorders, most studies report solely on the recurrence rates of the specific index disorders. Neglecting this evidence has an inherent risk of underestimating recurrence rates of depressive and anxiety disorders. This study investigates the impact of diagnostic instability of recurrence rates in depression and anxiety. Methods Data were derived from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The sample of 656 participants had a panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder or dysthymia, and a subsequent remission. Recurrence rates of index disorders (diagnostically stable recurrence) and newly arisen anxiety or depressive disorders (diagnostically unstable recurrence), were calculated over a 4-year follow-up period. Results In anxiety disorders (n=281), the recurrence rate is more than doubled, from 23.8% with a stable recurrence, to 54.8%, when diagnostically unstable recurrences are included. In depressive disorders (N=173) the recurrence rate increases from 37.6% to 49.7%, and in comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders (N=202) the diagnostically unstable recurrences increase from 54.0% to 66.3%. Limitations Attrition during follow up may have biased the results; remission was defined as absence of symptoms for 1 month; very short-term remission and recurrence patter…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pediatric anxiety disorders are chronic, recurrent, and unstable in diagnostic classification over time, with new anxiety disorders appearing together with or replacing the initial primary diagnosis.
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have consistently shown that pediatric anxiety disorders, like their adult counterparts, are chronic, recurrent, and unstable in their diagnostic classification over time”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Long-term outcomes in pediatric anxiety are poor and relapses are common, similar to adult anxiety disorders where relapse approaches 60%.
“Long-term follow-up in pediatric studies is rare, but data suggest that outcomes are poor and relapses common, similar to what is observed in adult anxiety disorders, where relapse approaches 60% [16, 28].”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Rates of relapse in pediatric anxiety disorders are very high (approximately 60%), particularly in those who have more residual symptoms and functional impairment following acute treatment.
“and rates of relapse are very high (approximately 60%) [16, 28, 29], particularly in those who have more residual symptoms and functional impairment following acute treatment [29].”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Cites
Lamers, F., van Oppen, P., Comijs, H. C., Smit, J. H., Spinhoven, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Nolen, W. A., Zitman, F. G., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06176blu · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Self-citationRecurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up
Mueller, T. I., Leon, A. C., Keller, M. B., Solomon, D. A., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Warshaw, M., & Maser, J. D. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.1000 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S. L., Andersson, G., Beekman, A. T., & Reynolds, C. F. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20038 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective‐longitudinal community study
Wittchen, H., Kessler, R. C., Pfister, H., Höfler, M., & Lieb, R. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0065-1591.2000.acp29-03.x · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Disability and treatment of specific mental and physical disorders across the world
Ormel, J., Petukhova, M., Chatterji, S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bromet, E. J., Burger, H., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039107 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
MIDDELDORP, C. M., CATH, D. C., VAN DYCK, R., & BOOMSMA, D. I. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400412x · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Bockting, C. L., Hollon, S. D., Jarrett, R. B., Kuyken, W., & Dobson, K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.003 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Agoraphobia: a review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria
Wittchen, H.-U., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fava, G. A., & Craske, M. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20646 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Reinholt, N., & Krogh, J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.897367 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
TYRER, P., SEIVEWRIGHT, H., & JOHNSON, T. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002569 · Cited by 119 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2004), and even between depressive disorders and anxiety disorders (Fichter et al., 2010; Merikangas et al., 2003; Rhebergen et al., 2011; Scholten et al., 2013a; Tyrer et al., 2004; Wittchen et al., 2000).”
Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., Hendriks, S. M., Licht, C. M. M., Nolen, W. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo‐year course of anxiety disorders: different across disorders or dimensions?
Hendriks, S. M., Spijker, J., Licht, C. M. M., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12024 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., & Reif, A. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Dis, E. A. M., van Veen, S. C., Hagenaars, M. A., Batelaan, N. M., Bockting, C. L. H., van den Heuvel, R. M., Cuijpers, P., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3986 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages
Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M.-H. R., & Rohde, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.014 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Batelaan, N. M., Bosman, R. C., Muntingh, A., Scholten, W. D., Huijbregts, K. M., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j3927 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Tuithof, M., Kleinjan, M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12874 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abbing, A., Baars, E. W., de Sonneville, L., Ponstein, A. S., & Swaab, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01203 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety
Hur, J., DeYoung, K. A., Islam, S., Anderson, A. S., Barstead, M. G., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002022 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ummels, S. A., Seldenrijk, A., Bos, E. H., de Graaf, R., Batelaan, N. M., & ten Have, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.091 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Tuijl, L. A., Bennik, E. C., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Spinhoven, P., & de Jong, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000634 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationKrijnen-de Bruin, E., Scholten, W., Muntingh, A., Maarsingh, O., van Meijel, B., van Straten, A., & Batelaan, N. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272200 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationScholten, W., Batelaan, N., & Van Balkom, A. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125320933404 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMenzies, R. E., Sharpe, L., Helgadóttir, F. D., & Dar-Nimrod, I. (2021) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2021.14 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Peterson, B. S., West, A. E., Weisz, J. R., Mack, W. J., Kipke, M. D., Findling, R. L., Mittman, B. S., Bansal, R., Piantadosi, S., Takata, G., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03314-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Perez, T. M., Glue, P., Adhia, D. B., Navid, M. S., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P., Smith, M., Niazi, I. K., Young, C. K., & De Ridder, D. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06863-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scholten, W. D., Batelaan, N. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Balkom, A. J. L. M. V., Smit, J. H., Schoevers, R. A., & Oppen, P. V.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 195
- Pages
- 185-190
- ISSN
- 0165-0327
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 12
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
