Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages
Open accessAbstract
Background Anxiety disorders are common in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and frequently comorbid with other mental disorders.Objective The main aim of the present study was to examine the incidence, recurrence and comorbidity rates of anxiety disorders across four developmental periods, namely, during childhood (5 - 12.9 years), adolescence (13 - 17.9 years), emerging adulthood (18 - 23.9 years), and adulthood (24 - 30 years).Method Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and adulthood.Results The result showed first incidence of anxiety disorders to be significantly higher in childhood and adulthood than in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Female gender was associated with first incidence, but not with recurrence. Significant comorbidity was found between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) across the four developmental periods. The comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD) was significant in childhood, emerging adulthood and adulthood, but not in adolescence. The presence of anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence significantly increased the probability of having an anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood.Limitations The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous.Conclusion Incidence and recurrence rates of anxiety disorders differed across four diverse developmental periods. The magnitude of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and MDD was comparable across periods.
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Anxiety disorders emerging during childhood and early adolescence will often persist into young adulthood.
“Anxiety disorders emerging during childhood and early adolescence will o en persist into young adulthood (Copeland 2014;Essau 2018).”
From Exercise for the treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as Essau 2018
The Results (§3.4) report that childhood or adolescent anxiety was associated with an increased likelihood of anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood. But the reported probability was 9%, and the paper measures later occurrence rather than continuous persistence; it does not support saying these disorders will often persist. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnxiety disorders often occur alongside other conditions such as depression, substance misuse and suicidal behaviour, and place young people at increased risk of experiencing comorbidities later in life.
“They o en occur alongside other conditions such as depression, substance misuse and suicidal behaviour (Essau 2018;Hill 2011), and place young people at increased risk of experiencing comorbidities later in life (Plana-Ripoll 2019).”
From Exercise for the treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as Essau 2018
The Introduction and §3.3 report that anxiety disorders co-occur with depressive and substance use disorders, supporting those parts of the clause cited to Essau. The passages do not address suicidal behaviour. The later-life comorbidity clause is cited to Plana-Ripoll, not Essau, so it is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe presence of anxiety disorders during adolescence is linked to an increased likelihood of experiencing anxiety during emerging adulthood.
“The presence of ADs during those periods has been linked to an increased likelihood of experiencing anxiety during emerging adulthood [12]”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M.-H. R., & Rohde, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Roehampton (GB)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Essau, Cecilia A.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 228
- Pages
- 248-253
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5807150
- OpenAlex
- W2773451785
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH040501, R01MH050522)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, incidence, recurrence, comorbidities, developmental stages, childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, gender differences, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Comorbidity, Incidence, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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