Comprehensive assessment of side effects associated with a single dose of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression
Open accessAbstract
Background Concerns about ketamine for treating depression include abuse potential and the occurrence of psychotomimetic effects. This study sought to comprehensively assess side effects (SEs) associated with a single subanesthetic-dose intravenous ketamine infusion. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS) scores and dissociative symptoms reported on a comprehensive, clinician-administered SE questionnaire.Methods Data from 188 participants were pooled from four placebo-controlled, crossover ketamine trials and one open-label study (n = 163 with either treatment-resistant major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder and 25 healthy controls). SEs were actively solicited in a standardized fashion and monitored over the time-course of each study. Statistical analyses assessed the effect of drug (ketamine, placebo) on SEs and measured the relationship between CADSS total score and SEs contemporaneously endorsed during structured interviews.Results Forty-four of 120 SEs occurred in at least 5% of participants over all trials. Thirty-three of these 44 SEs were significantly associated with active drug administration (versus placebo). The most common SE was feeling strange/weird/loopy. Most SEs peaked within an hour of ketamine administration and resolved completely by two hours post-infusion. No serious drug-related adverse events or increased ketamine craving/abuse post-administration were observed. A positive correlation was found between dissociative SEs and total CADSS score.Limitations The post-hoc nature of the analysis; the limited generalizability of a single subanesthetic-dose ketamine infusion; and the lack of formal measures to assess ketamine's cognitive, urological, or addictive potential.Conclusions No long-lasting significant SEs occurred over the approximately three-month follow-up period.
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Minimal clinical research supports these findings, suggesting risks of dependency are extremely low when ketamine is administered in a medical setting.
“Minimal clinical research supports these findings, suggesting that risks of dependency are extremely low when ketamine is administered in a medical setting [158-160]”
From Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update (2024) · cites this paper as [158]
The Results (Cravings/Addiction behaviors; page unavailable) report no observed cravings or addiction behavior during inpatient follow-up of up to three months after a single ketamine infusion. But the Discussion (Strengths and limitations; page unavailable) says dependence was not formally measured and the findings do not cover repeated dosing or other routes. The paper therefore does not establish that dependency risk is “extremely low” across medical settings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Acevedo-Diaz, E. E., Cavanaugh, G. W., Greenstein, D., Kraus, C., Kadriu, B., Zarate, C. A., & Park, L. T.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Acevedo-Diaz, Elia E.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 263
- Pages
- 568-575
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8457026
- OpenAlex
- W2986913805
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17
- FWCI
- 7.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institutes of Health (ZIA-MH002857, NCT00088699)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- ketamine, treatment-resistant depression, adverse effects, dissociative symptoms, bipolar disorder, abuse liability, psychotomimetic effects, drug safety
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Ketamine, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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