Trends in antenatal depression and suicidal ideation diagnoses among commercially insured childbearing individuals in the United States, 2008–2018
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Antenatal depression and suicidal ideation represent serious pregnancy-related complications, yet comprehensive estimates of the prevalence and predictors of these diagnoses among birthing people remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize trends in the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation diagnoses identified among pregnant individuals prior to giving birth. METHODS: This study included 536,647 individuals aged 15-44 years continuously enrolled in a single commercial health insurance plan for one year before childbirth from 2008 to 2018. The primary outcomes included depression or suicidal ideation based on identification of the relevant ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes during pregnancy. RESULTS: Rates (95 % CIs) of depression increased by 39 % from 540 (520-560) per 10,000 individuals in 2008 to 750 (730-770) per 10,000 individuals in 2018. Suicidal ideation increased by 100 % from 15 (12-18) per 10,000 individuals in 2008 to 44 (39-50) per 10,000 individuals in 2018. Black birthing people experiencing the sharpest proportional increases. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation occurring during pregnancy substantially increased over a ten-year period. Further, suicidal ideation diagnosis increased the most for among Black birthing people compared to all groups, resulting in a need for future studies in this area to determine the reasons for an increase in diagnosis and any change in resulting treatment of follow up.
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Maternal distress presents serious health consequences for pregnant individuals, including diminished functioning, impaired interpersonal relationships, less responsive parenting, and in extreme cases suicide.
“Maternal distress presents serious health consequences for pregnant individuals, including diminished functioning, impaired interpersonal relationships, less responsive parenting, and—in extreme cases—suicide (O’Hara and McCabe 2013; Tabb et al. 2023).”
From Effects of a Personalized Stress Management Intervention on Maternal Mental Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2025) · cites this paper as Tabb et al. 2023
The Introduction (page not provided) describes depression and suicidal ideation as serious complications during pregnancy and major risk factors for mortality or morbidity; it also says untreated perinatal depression has profound effects. It does not specify diminished functioning, impaired interpersonal relationships, or less responsive parenting, and it discusses suicidal ideation rather than explicitly identifying suicide as an outcome of maternal distress. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Tabb, K. M., Dalton, V. K., Tilea, A., Kolenic, G. E., Admon, L. K., Hall, S. V., Zhang, X., Ryckman, K. K., & Zivin, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tabb, K.M.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 320
- Pages
- 263-267
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9675712
- OpenAlex
- W4297321896
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Office of Research on Women's Health
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01 MD014958)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- antenatal depression, suicidal ideation, pregnancy, prevalence trends, commercial health insurance, Black birthing people, racial disparities, ICD-10 codes, maternal mental health
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence, Suicidal Ideation
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