Depressive Disorders During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Large Urban Sample

Melville, Jennifer L.; Gavin, Amelia; Guo, Yuqing; Fan, Ming-Yu; Katon, Wayne J.

doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181f60b0a

Cited by 329Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcarePregnancy-related medical research

Depressive Disorders During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Large Urban Sample

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Melville, Jennifer L., Gavin, Amelia, Guo, Yuqing, Fan, Ming-Yu, Katon, Wayne J.·2010·Obstetrics & Gynecology

DOI 10.1097/aog.0b013e3181f60b0aPMC PMC3068619

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of major and minor depression, panic disorder, and suicidal ideation during pregnancy while also identifying factors independently associated with antenatal depressive disorders. METHODS: In this prospective study, participants were 1,888 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with probable major depressive disorder and any depressive disorder. RESULTS: Antenatal depressive disorders were present in 9.9% with 5.1% (97) meeting criteria for probable major depression and 4.8% (90) meeting criteria for probable minor depression. Panic disorder was present in 3.2% (61), and current suicidal ideation was reported by 2.6% (49). Among patients with probable major depression, 29.5% (28) reported current suicidal ideation. Psychosocial stress (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.36), domestic violence (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.46-8.12), chronic medical conditions (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.63-5.69), and race (Asian: OR 5.81; 95% CI 2.55-13.23; or African American: OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.24-7.18) each significantly increased the odds of probable antepartum major depressive disorder, whereas older age (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.97) decreased the odds. Factors associated with odds of any depression were similar overall except that Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.09-5.72) also independently increased the odds of any depression. CONCLUSION: Antenatal major and minor depressive disorders are common and significantly associated with clinically relevant and identifiable risk factors. By understanding the high point prevalence and associated factors, clinicians can potentially improve the diagnosis and treatment rates of serious depressive disorders in pregnant women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

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Symptoms of depression and anxiety are exacerbated by higher levels of stress.
“Moreover, symptoms of depression and anxiety have been found to be exacerbated by higher levels of stress (13–15).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that higher psychosocial stress was associated with greater odds of antenatal depression and cites prior work linking stress with depressive symptoms. The paper does not establish that stress exacerbates symptoms, nor does it report a stress–anxiety symptom relationship; its anxiety finding concerns comorbidity with depression. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review
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Postpartum depression on the neonatal intensive care unit: current perspectives
Gillaspy, S. R., Tahirkheli, N. N., Cherry, A. S., McCaffree, M. A., & Tackett, A. P. (2014) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s54666 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Proactive involvement of NICU staff and health care professionals is another critical strategy for the prevention and identification of mothers at risk for developing PPD.”
BackgroundInfluential
Mamma Mia – A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based intervention for perinatal depression
Haga, S. M., Drozd, F., Lisøy, C., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Slinning, K. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002544 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders According to Period of Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mezzacappa, A., Lasica, P.-A., Gianfagna, F., Cazas, O., Hardy, P., Falissard, B., Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., & Gressier, F. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0124 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The effects of maternal depression and maternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure on offspring
Olivier, J. D. A., Åkerud, H., Kaihola, H., Pawluski, J. L., Skalkidou, A., Högberg, U., & Poromaa, I. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00073 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“During pregnancy, ∼20% of women report symptoms of depression (Patkar et al., 2004), and 4–7% of pregnant women suffer from major depressive disorder (Andersson et al., 2003; Gorman et al., 2004; Melville et al., 2010).”
Background
The Role of Mental Health on Maternal‐Fetal Attachment in Low‐Income Women
Alhusen, J. L., Gross, D. A., Hayat, M. J., Rose, L. E., & Sharps, P. W. (2012) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01385.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy and childhood health outcomes: a narrative review
Vehmeijer, F. O. L., Guxens, M., Duijts, L., & El Marroun, H. (2019) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174418000557 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Is Screening for Depression in the Perinatal Period Enough? The Co-Occurrence of Depression, Substance Abuse, and Intimate Partner Violence in Culturally Diverse Pregnant Women
Connelly, C. D., Hazen, A. L., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Landsverk, J. A., & Horwitz, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.4121 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A Prospective Cohort Study of Antipsychotic Medications in Pregnancy: The First 147 Pregnancies and 100 One Year Old Babies
Kulkarni, J., Worsley, R., Gilbert, H., Gavrilidis, E., Rheenen, T. E. V., Wang, W., McCauley, K., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094788 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Most women with severe mental illness will become mothers [4–7] and many mothers will experience mental illness [8,9].”
Background
Cross-cultural validity of the Spanish version of PHQ-9 among pregnant Peruvian women: A Rasch item response theory analysis
Zhong, Q., Gelaye, B., Fann, J. R., Sánchez, S. E., & Williams, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Although the PHQ has been used in studies of pregnant women (Melville et al., 2010; Spitzer et al., 2000) its validity has not been confirmed using Rasch models.”
Method
The effect of prenatal Hatha yoga on affect, cortisol and depressive symptoms
Bershadsky, S., Trumpfheller, L., Kimble, H. B., Pipaloff, D., & Yim, I. S. (2014) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.01.002 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effect of the Healthy MOMs Lifestyle Intervention on Reducing Depressive Symptoms Among Pregnant Latinas
Kieffer, E. C., Caldwell, C. H., Welmerink, D. B., Welch, K. B., Sinco, B. R., & Guzmán, J. R. (2012) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9523-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Other risk factors for perinatal depression among Latinas included intimate partner violence and chronic medical conditions (Melville et al. 2010), household food insecurity, poor to fair health during pregnancy and primiparity (Hromi-Fiedler et al. 2011), low sense of mastery and life satisfaction…”
BackgroundInfluential
Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review
El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States
Ertel, K. A., James-Todd, T. M., KLEINMAN, K. P., Krieger, N., Gillman, M. W., Wright, R. J., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.10.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in indigenous people of the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Kisely, S., Alichniewicz, K., Black, E., Siskind, D., Spurling, G., & Toombs, M. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.032 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“This applied to both 12 month prevalence (Beals et al., 2002; 2005a; Lemstra et al., 2008; Melville et al., 2010; Vicente et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2003) and lifetime rates (Beals et al., 2005a; DeBaca et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
From Antenatal to Postnatal Depression: Associated Factors and Mitigating Influences
Redshaw, M., & Henderson, J. (2013) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.4152 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“2,6,8,10,20 The rate based on self-report is within the range of what has been variously reported, including data from recent large population-based studies 21,22 in which rates of antenatal depression of 9% and 10% were described.”
Coping strategies as psychological risk factor for antenatal anxiety, worries, and depression among Greek women
Gourounti, K., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Lykeridou, K. (2013) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0338-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Epidemiology of antenatal depression among women with high-risk pregnancies due to obstetric complications: a scoping review
Tsakiridis, I., Bousi, V., Dagklis, T., Sardeli, C., Nikolopoulou, V., & Papazisis, G. (2019) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-019-05270-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mental health, substance use and intimate partner problems among pregnant and postpartum suicide victims in the National Violent Death Reporting System
Gold, K. J., Singh, V. A., Marcus, S. M., & Palladino, C. L. (2011) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.09.017 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In a large study of pregnant women, almost 30% of those with screening scores consistent with probable major depression endorsed suicidal ideation [13].”
Background
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Postpartum Care in the Greater Boston Area During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mi, T., Hung, P., Li, X., McGregor, A. J., He, J., & Zhou, J. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.16355 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Trauma, psychiatric disorders, and treatment history among pregnant African American women
Powers, A., Woods-Jaeger, B., Stevens, J. S., Bradley, B., Patel, M. B., Joyner, A., Smith, A. K., Jamieson, D. J., Kaslow, N., & Michopoulos, V. (2020) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000507 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Estimates of perinatal depression in low-income ethnic minority samples have found rates of current depression ranging from 19–28% (Melville et al., 2010).”
Background
Prevalence and factors associated with depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in tertiary care centres in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study
Lee, K. W., Ching, S. M., Hoo, F. K., Ramachandran, V., Chong, S. C., Tusimin, M., & Nordin, N. M. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2519-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Adverse health events associated with domestic violence during pregnancy among Brazilian women
Audi, C. A. F., Segall‐Corrêa, A. M., Santiago, S. M., & Pérez‐Escamilla, R. (2011) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2011.05.010 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“nutrition, anxiety and depression (Melville et al., 2010; Shay-Zapien and Bullock, 2010).”
Suicidality in early pregnancy among antepartum mothers in urban India
Supraja, T. A., Thennarasu, K., Satyanarayana, V. A., Seena, T. K., Desai, G., Jangam, K. V., & Chandra, P. S. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0660-2 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“2013), and researcher-designed structured questionnaires (Healey et al. 2013; Melville et al. 2010; Stallones et al. 2007).”
Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence
Hahn, C. K., Gilmore, A. K., Orengo‐Aguayo, R., & Rheingold, A. A. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women throughout Pregnancy and in Postpartum Period
Park, J. H., Karmaus, W., & Zhang, H. (2015) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2015.03.004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“There is a significant correlation (r ¼ .59) between the EPDS and the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV [24].”
Method
Combined use of the postpartum depression screening scale (PDSS) and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) to identify antenatal depression among Chinese pregnant women with obstetric complications
Zhao, Y., Kane, I., Wang, J., Shen, B., Luo, J., & Shi, S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.016 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“, SCID or DIS) (Melville et al., 2010; Tandon et al., 2012; Davis et al., 2013; Pitanupong et al., 2007) the present study combined two depression screening tools to administer an antenatal sample of Chinese pregnant women with obstetric complications to determine the efficacy without comparison with any diagnostic (e.”
Method
Prevalence and determinants of antenatal depression in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ayano, G., Tesfaw, G., & Shumet, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211764 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders: development of an inpatient group intervention.
Bonacquisti, A., Cohen, M. J., & Schiller, C. E. (2017) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0735-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Chronic health problems put women at significantly greater risk of perinatal depression (Melville et al. 2011).”
Background
Chronic Maternal Depression Is Associated with Reduced Weight Gain in Latino Infants from Birth to 2 Years of Age
Wojcicki, J. M., Holbrook, K. E., Lustig, R. H., Epel, E. S., Caughey, A. B., Muñoz, R. F., Shiboski, S. C., & Heyman, M. B. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016737 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Increasing Diagnosis and Treatment of Perinatal Depression in Latinas and African American Women: Addressing Stigma Is Not Enough
Lara-Cinisomo, S., Clark, C. T., & Wood, J. (2018) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2018.01.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prenatal Psychological Distress and Access to Mental Health Care in the ELFE Cohort
Balès, M., Pambrun, É., Melchior, M., Glangeaud-Freudenthal, N. M.-C., Charles, M.-A. A., Verdoux, H., & Sutter‐Dallay, A. (2014) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.11.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“However, discrepant findings have been reported by previous studies [8,12,27,31,32,36,38,40,43, 44].”
Result
Is antenatal depression associated with adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes?
Sion, M. Y., Harlev, A., Weintraub, A. Y., Sergienko, R., & Sheiner, E. (2015) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2015.1023708 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“hypertension [4] as more prevalent among women suffering from depression in comparison to control groups.”
Background
Co-Occurring Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Diagnoses in Perinatal Women
Cerulli, C., Talbot, N. L., Tang, W., & Chaudron, L. H. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2201 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“44 Well-baby visits may be an opportunity not only to identify women and children at risk, but also to intervene.”
Lower inflammatory markers in women with antenatal depression brings the M1/M2 balance into focus from a new direction
Edvinsson, Å., Bränn, E., Hellgren, C., Freyhult, E., White, R. A., Kamali‐Moghaddam, M., Olivier, J., Bergquist, J., Boström, A. E. D., Schiöth, H. B., et al. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.027 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Gestational Diabetes and Antenatal Depression
Byrn, M., & Penckofer, S. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12554 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Microbiota of newborn meconium is associated with maternal anxiety experienced during pregnancy
Hu, J., Ly, J. J., Zhang, W., Huang, Y., Glover, V. A. S., Peter, I., Hurd, Y. L., & Nomura, Y. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21837 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Postpartum Perceived Stress Explains the Association between Perceived Social Support and Depressive Symptoms
Leonard, K. S., Evans, M. B., Kjerulff, K. H., & Downs, D. S. (2020) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2020.05.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
New parents’ experiences of postpartum depression: a systematic review of qualitative evidence
Holopainen, A., & Hakulinen, T. (2019) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003909 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Broken Thread of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention for Women During the Postpartum Period
Walker, L. O., Murphey, C. L., & Nichols, F. H. (2015) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/1058-1243.24.2.81 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Over the past 20 years in the United States, the incidence of preeclampsia has increased by 25% (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2013a; Wallis, Saflas, Hsia, & Atrash, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Chronic Medical Conditions and Peripartum Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Brown, H. K., Qazilbash, A., Rahim, N., Dennis, C., & Vigod, S. N. (2018) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwy080 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of maternal stress and nutrient restriction during gestation on offspring neuroanatomy in humans
Franke, K., den Bergh, B. R. H. V., de Rooij, S. R., Kroegel, N., Nathanielsz, P. W., Rakers, F., Roseboom, T. J., Witte, O. W., & Schwab, M. G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.031 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Depressive disorders during pregnancy are present in about 10% of women, with about 5% meeting criteria for probable major depression (Melville et al., 2010).”
Background
Client experiences of guided internet cognitive behavior therapy for postpartum depression: a qualitative study
Pugh, N. E., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Hampton, A. J. D., Bowen, A., & Williams, J. L. (2014) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0449-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Approximately 8 to 15 % of women are afflicted with postpartum depression (PPD) following childbirth (Chalmers et al. 2008; Melville et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Among Women of Reproductive Age by Depression and Anxiety Disorder Status, 2008–2014
Zhou, J., Ko, J. Y., Haight, S. C., & Tong, V. T. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7597 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in women delivering liveborn infants and other women of child-bearing age within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Mini-Sentinel program
Andrade, S. E., Reichman, M. E., Mott, K., Pitts, M., Kieswetter, C., Dinatale, M., Stone, M. B., Popovic, J., Haffenreffer, K., & Toh, S. (2016) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0637-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“An estimated 10 % of women or more experience depression during pregnancy (Bennett et al. 2004; Gavin et al. 2005; Melville et al. 2010; Le Strat et al. 2011).”
Background
Subjecting Dams to Early Life Stress and Perinatal Fluoxetine Treatment Differentially Alters Social Behavior in Young and Adult Rat Offspring
Houwing, D. J., Staal, L., Swart, J. M., Ramsteijn, A. S., Wöhr, M., de Boer, S. F., & Olivier, J. D. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00229 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“More important, up to 5% of pregnant women suffer from major depression and cannot function normally without antidepressant treatment (Gaynes et al., 2005; Melville et al., 2010).”
Background
The Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescent Mothers: Results from a 17-Year Longitudinal Study
Gavin, A. R., Lindhorst, T. P., & Lohr, M. J. (2011) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2011.606355 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The population most at risk for depressive disorders is women of childbearing age because the onset of depression is often intertwined with reproductive events (Melville et al., 2010).”
Background
Predictors and Changes in Paternal Perinatal Depression Profiles—Insights From the DREAM Study
Garthus-Niegel, S., Staudt, A., Kinser, P., Haga, S. M., Drozd, F., & Baumann, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.563761 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Given the clear need for longitudinal studies on paternal perinatal depression, this population-based study aimed to (1) estimate prevalence rates of perinatal depression symptoms among German (expectant) fathers, (2) identify differential profiles of perinatal depression in (expectant) fathers, (3) determinemodifiabl…”
Background
The mediating role of coping styles in the relationship between perceived social support and antenatal depression among pregnant women: a cross-sectional study
Chen, Z., Li, Y., Chen, J., & Guo, X. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04377-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A population survey of prevalence rates of antenatal depression in the Irish obstetric services using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Jairaj, C., Fitzsimons, C. M., McAuliffe, F. M., O’Leary, N., Joyce, N., McCarthy, A., Cassidy, E., Donnelly, J. C., Tully, E. C., Imcha, M., et al. (2018) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0893-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Poor marital support associate with anxiety and worries during pregnancy in Greek pregnant women
Gourounti, K., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Sandall, J. (2013) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2013.10.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“5% (Lee et al., 2007; Leigh and Milgrom, 2008; Bodecs et al., 2009; Qiao et al., 2009; Teixeira et al., 2009; Kaaya et al., 2010; Melville et al., 2010; Mohammad et al., 2011; Nasreen et al., 2011; FaisalCury et al., 2012; Gourounti et al., 2013a; Carolan-Olah and Barry, 2013) and the incidence rate of antenatal anxie…”
BackgroundInfluential
Racial and ethnic disparities in pregnancy complications and the protective role of greenspace: A retrospective birth cohort study
Runkle, J. D., Matthews, J. L., Sparks, L., McNicholas, L., & Sugg, M. M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152145 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A cross-sectional study of depression among women attending antenatal clinics in Blantyre district, Malawi
Chorwe‐Sungani, G., & Chipps, J. A. (2018) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1181 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Maternal Distress during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Underlying Mechanisms and Child’s Developmental Outcomes—A Narrative Review
Jeličić, L., Veselinović, A., Ćirović, M., Jakovljevic, V. L., Raičević, S., & Subotić, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232213932 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“5% [32], while 10–20% of pregnant women experience psychosocial stress and depressive disorders [33,34].”
Background
Mediators of Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Socially Disadvantaged Women
Gavin, A. R., Nurius, P. S., & Logan‐Greene, P. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.2766 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Further, maternal depression, a condition related to stress, is prevalent among women of childbearing age because the onset of depression is often intertwined with reproductive events.(37) There is evidence that antenatal depression is linked to negative birth outcomes.”
Background
A case–control study of sporadic retinoblastoma in relation to maternal health conditions and reproductive factors: a report from the Children’s Oncology group
Heck, J. E., Omidakhsh, N., Azary, S., Ritz, B. R., Ehrenstein, O. S. V., Bunin, G. R., & Ganguly, A. A. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1773-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In contrast, the prevalence of depression was much lower in our study than has been seen in other US surveys (10–12 % [54, 55]), potentially due to parental reluctance to disclose mental health problems to interviewers.”
Result
Views and Experiences of Suicidal Ideation During Pregnancy and the Postpartum: Findings from Interviews with Maternal Care Clinic Patients
Tabb, K. M., Gavin, A. R., Guo, Y., Huang, H. Y., Debiec, K. E., & Katon, W. J. (2013) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2013.804024 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The longitudinal study protocol has been described in detail elsewhere (Bentley et al., 2007; Melville et al., 2010).”
Potential for a Stress Reduction Intervention to Promote Healthy Gestational Weight Gain: Focus Groups with Low-Income Pregnant Women
Thomas, M., Vieten, C., Adler, N. E., Ammondson, I., Coleman‐Phox, K., Epel, E. S., & Laraia, B. A. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.02.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The combination of fluoxetine and environmental enrichment reduces postpartum stress-related behaviors through the oxytocinergic system and HPA axis in mice
Bashiri, H., Houwing, D. J., Homberg, J. R., & Salari, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87800-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Does Maternal Mental Well-Being in Pregnancy Impact The Early Human Epigenome?
Ryan, J., Mansell, T., Fransquet, P., & Saffery, R. (2017) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2016-0118 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Contribution of Untreated and Treated Anxiety and Depression to Prenatal, Intrapartum, and Neonatal Outcomes
Ogunyemi, D. A., Jovanovski, A. P., Liu, J., Friedman, P., Sugiyama, N., Creps, J. R., & Madan, I. (2018) · American Journal of Perinatology Reports · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1661379 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Life Cycle and Suicidal Behavior among Women
Méndez-Bustos, P., López‐Castromán, J., Baca‐García, E., & Ceverino, A. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/485851 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Between 10–25% of pregnant and postpartum women experience depressive disorders [63, 64] or anxiety disorders [65, 66].”
Background
Assessment of Burden of Depression During Pregnancy Among Pregnant Women Residing in Rural Setting of Chennai
Srinivasan, N. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/12380.5850 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These have resulted in immediate effects including low birth weight, intra uterine growth restriction and preterm birth to long term implications like malnutrition, inadequate child growth, and impaired behavioural, emotional and cognitive abilities and poor mental health in future [1,11-13].”
Background
Predictors of emotional distress in pregnant women: the mediating role of relationship intimacy
Costa, E. C. V., Castanheira, E., Moreira, L., Correia, P., Ribeiro, D., & Pereira, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1417545 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In addition, we confirmed the result of previous studies that young economically disadvantaged women with a history of miscarriage tend to experience more emotional problems during pregnancy (Gourounti et al., 2013; Melville et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Management of perinatal depression with non-drug interventions
Johansen, S. L., Robakis, T. K., Williams, K. E., & Rasgon, N. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l322 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Review of suicidal ideation during pregnancy: risk factors, prevalence, assessment instruments and consequences
Legazpi, P. C. C., Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R., Crespo, M. E. O., & Méndez, N. I. (2022) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-022-00220-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“During pregnancy, the prevalence of suicidal ideation varies amongst studies from 2.6 to 29.2% (Copersino et al., 2008; Gavin et al., 2011; Lindahl et al., 2005; Melville et al., 2010; Newport et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Obstetric and psychosocial risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy
Dudas, R. B., Csatordai, S., Devosa, I., Töreki, A., Andó, B., Barabás, K. N., Pál, A., & Kozinszky, Z. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.017 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Our study has provided further evidence that perceived support from the family environment can help the mother (Pajulo et al., 2001; Lancaster et al., 2010; Melville et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Patterns of intimate partner violence among perinatal women with depression symptoms in Khayelitsha, South Africa: a longitudinal analysis
Schneider, M., Baron, E., Davies, T., Munodawafa, M., & Lund, C. (2018) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Socioecological Framework to Assessing Depression Among Pregnant Teens
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Abuse as a risk factor for prenatal depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis
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“Previous studies have reported rates of PMADs among Black women between 7% and 40% (Evans et al., 2015; Liu & Tronick, 2014; Melville et al., 2010; Rich-Edwards et al., 2006).”
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“Abused pregnant women are at higher risk of depression than non-abused pregnant women (Dunn and Oths 2004; Flach et al. 2011; Melville et al. 2010; Silverman and Loudon 2010) and have more severe depressive symptoms (Pico-Alfonso et al.”
Background
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Authors: Melville, J. L., Gavin, A., Guo, Y., Fan, M.-Y., & Katon, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Gavin, Amelia
Guo, Yuqing
Venue: Obstetrics & Gynecology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 116
Issue: 5
Pages: 1064-1070
ISSN: 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3181f60b0a
PMC: PMC3068619
OpenAlex: W1969021057
Cited by: 329
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 16.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1kl2rr025015-01)
National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH069471, R01MH085668)
National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015, 1KL2-RR-025015-01)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042828)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
Keywords: antenatal depression, major depressive disorder, minor depression, panic disorder, suicidal ideation, pregnancy, prevalence, risk factors, psychosocial stress, domestic violence, chronic disease, ethnicity, Hispanic women, Asian women, African American women
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse, Stress, Psychological, Suicide, Urban Population, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Young Adult

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Depressive Disorders During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Large Urban Sample

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