The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adolescent Maturity and the Brain: The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience Research in Adolescent Health Policy
Open accessAbstract
Longitudinal neuroimaging studies demonstrate that the adolescent brain continues to mature well into the 20s. This has prompted intense interest in linking neuromaturation to maturity of judgment. Public policy is struggling to keep up with burgeoning interest in cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging. However, empirical evidence linking neurodevelopmental processes and adolescent real-world behavior remains sparse. Nonetheless, adolescent brain development research is already shaping public policy debates about when individuals should be considered mature for policy purposes. With this in mind, in this article we summarize what is known about adolescent brain development and what remains unknown, as well as what neuroscience can and cannot tell us about the adolescent brain and behavior. We suggest that a conceptual framework that situates brain science in the broader context of adolescent developmental research would help to facilitate research-to-policy translation. Furthermore, although contemporary discussions of adolescent maturity and the brain often use a deficit-based approach, there is enormous opportunity for brain science to illuminate the great strengths and potentialities of the adolescent brain. So, too, can this information inform policies that promote adolescent health and well-being.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“neuroimaging studies have shown that the brain continues to develop well into a person’s twenties”
From Effects of traumatic experiences on obsessive-compulsive and internalizing symptoms: The role of avoidance and mindfulness. (2018) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“the contradictory use of neuroscience and other psychological research to argue both for and against adolescent capacities for mature behavior [18]”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“the lack of selective structure-function mappings and brain-behavior mappings [18,56,75]”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
The ecology of human development : experiments by nature and design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Cited by 12,580
The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design
Garbarino, J. (1980) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/0190-7409(80)90036-5 · Cited by 5,558
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Self-citationThe adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
Spear, L. P. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 · Cited by 5,433
Cognitive and affective development in adolescence
Steinberg, L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005 · Cited by 2,978
Mapping cortical change across the human life span
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1008 · Cited by 2,328
Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data?
POLDRACK, R. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004 · Cited by 2,249
Assessment and Development of Executive Function (EF) During Childhood
Anderson, P. (2002) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724 · Cited by 2,218 · cited 1×
“This allows nerve impulses to travel throughout the brain more quickly and efficiently and facilitates increased integration of brain activity [17].”
Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging
Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001 · Cited by 1,863
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Schaffer, 2004, Head case: Roper v. Simmons asks how adolescent and adult brains differ, Slate
- Park, 2008, What makes teens tick, Time Magazine
- 2006, Issue Brief 3: Less guilty by reason of adolescence
- Aron, 2007, Letter: Politics and the brain, New York Times
- Rosen, 2007, The brain on the stand, New York Times Magazine
- American Medical Association APA, American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry, American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, National Association of Social Workers, Missouri Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers, and National Mental Health Association. Brief of amicus curiae supporting respondent, Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (No. 03-633). 2005.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–627 of 627
Digital resilience: reflections and considerations for students' technology use
Hodge, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34057-4.00004-3
Krause, K. R., Chung, S., Konstantopoulos, C. G., Rodak, T., Calderón, A., Snagg, N. E., Cleverley, K., Butcher, N. J., Salum, G. A., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70134
Wondim, D., Keller, E., Abebe, H., & Tiberg, I. (2026) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2026.2644032
Datta, D., Muhindo, A., Elamu, D., Kembabazi, E., Ssuuna, C., Lwanga, C., Mboizi, V., Kyarisiima, G., Goings, M. J., Pradhan-Bhatt, S., et al. (2026) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1177/2689288x261425940
Amygdala reactivity to social stress in young adults: A scoping review of neuroimaging studies
Nassar, M., Harati, H., Estephan, E., Ahmar, E. A., Saab, L., & Saab, M. (2026) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2026.100805
“Consistent with this, amygdala-prefrontal circuitry undergoes progressive maturation across childhood and adolescence, enabling the gradual integration of emotional and cognitive control systems (Johnson et al., 2009; Roeske et al., 2025).”
Pennington, C. R., Shaw, D. J., Skubera, M., Rose, A. K., & Jones, A. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70413
“[24, 25], and this more inclusive definition is essential for developmentally appropriate framing of laws, social policies and service systems [26].”
Adolescent brain development and changes in social cognition
Afyouni, A. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/aebb80d8z77a2z447ez8325z57b03a29f3f9
Interaction posture et cognition : vers une optimisation des performances cognitives par l'action
Khalil, G. A. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e3508e46zc5e1z4ffdz99ebzd55b2a69e19b
Pires, C. P., Putwain, D., Hofmann, S. G., Vicente, A., & Salvador, M. D. C. (2026) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-026-10285-5
“typically ranging from ages 11 to 19, though some definitions extend to 24 or 25 depending on brain maturation and social role transitions (Johnson et al., 2009 ; Salmela-Aro, 2011 ; Sawyer et al., 2018).”
When Teens With Consent Authority Refuse Life-Saving Care: Weighing Capacity and Confidentiality
Bowen, L., Teelin, K., Huguelet, P. S., & McArdle, E. (2026) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2025-073049
Goldfus, C., & Karny-Tagger, A. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-571-420251003-3
Petraconi, N., Henrique, J. S., Cardoso, F. D. S., Vital, F. M., Arida, R. M., Martins, C. B., & da Silva, S. G. (2026) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-026-03172-3
“Factorial analysis supports that primary executive function is pre-sent around 6 years [80], while gray matter volume in the PFC peaks by age 12 [51].”
Omane, C. A., & Forberger, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1784563
“…food options (27 – 29 Given the assumption that unhealthy foods are particularly popular among young adults due to their relatively low cost, strong marketing appeal, and widespread availability (32), it is necessary to explicitly examine young adults’ information behavior regarding healthy diets.”
Physical Therapy for Sport-Related Concussion: A Network Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Li, H.-Y., Yang, J.-X., Zhang, Y.-T., Qu, C.-Q., & Hu, S.-L. (2026) · Sports health · doi:10.1177/19417381261442593
“Considering that the brain continues developing into the mid-20s, 17 with the prefrontal cortex typically maturing around age 25 - a period accompanied by changes in physical activity, exercise habits, and rehabilitation potential - we conducted a subgroup analysis for participants younger than 30…”
Castell, M., Sitges, C., Cantallops, J., Leguizamo, F., & Muntaner‐Mas, A. (2026) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.70055
Gambling type preferences, psychological distress and hazardous alcohol use among young Finns
Lind, K., Grönroos, T., Järvinen-Tassopoulos, J., Latvala, T. A., Kontto, J. P., & Salonen, A. H. (2026) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2026.2693271
“I wanna try it so bad”: How TikTok Influences Adolescent Eating and the Role of Parents
Bell, A. N., McMorris, B. J., Fulkerson, J. A., Eisenberg, M. E., & Horning, M. L. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2026.05.006 · Cited by 2
Atoui, Z., Fakhri, A., Malhotra, A., & Tang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2026.2695127
Treatment for Gender Transition & Parental Obligations
Smith, E., & Rusavuk, A. L. (2026) · Journal of Controversial Ideas · doi:10.63466/jci06010008
Lv, S., Russell, B. S., Francis-Edoziuno, C. C., & Mas, M. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02935-2
Prevalence and competing risk of psychiatric comorbidities in chronic low back pain by age group
Pontiff, R., Helm, A. F., Milani, S. A., Morrow, M. M. B., & Tucker, C. A. (2026) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001480
Liu, Y., Hägg, S., Brikell, I., Chang, Z., Kuja‐Halkola, R., D'Onofrio, B. M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Pettersson, E. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03769-z
Ethical decision-making under stress: the role of the nonreactive facet of mindfulness
Hanson, S. K., Hollingworth, D., & Valentine, S. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1879880
“In young adults, the prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until the mid-20s or later (Johnson et al., 2009), which could lead to difficulties in processing complex ethical dilemmas and consequences.”
Zhou, T., Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Shi, Q., Li, F., & Chen, X. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112090
Zhang, Y., Lv, S., Gong, Z., Russell, B. S., Unvala, D., & Bellizzi, K. M. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10784-5
Blair, B., Gurrieri, M. L., McDonald, T., Wood, R. E., Randall, K. N., & Dixon, E. (2026) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3797867.3829055
“For people with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), emerging adulthood (ages 18-29 [57]) is a pivotal developmental period within a “perfect storm,” where environmental demands outstrip biological capacity [11, 63].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, S. B., Blum, R. W., & Giedd, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 216-221
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2892678
- OpenAlex
- W2016854025
- Cited by
- 631
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002794)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA027229)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescent brain development, neuromaturation, adolescent maturity, adolescent health policy, research-to-policy translation, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, judgment, deficit approach, youth welfare
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Female, Health Policy, Humans, Male, Neurosciences, Research, Adolescent Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review