Predicting first onset of depression in young girls: Interaction of diurnal cortisol and negative life events
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Interactions between biological vulnerability and environmental adversity are central to the pathophysiology of depression. Given evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influences biological responses to environmental events, in the current longitudinal study the authors examined HPA-axis functioning, negative life events, and their interaction as predictors of the first onset of depression. At baseline, girls ages 9 to 14 years provided saliva samples to assess levels of diurnal cortisol production, quantified by total cortisol production (area under the curve with respect to ground; AUCg) and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). The authors then followed these participants until they reached age 18 in order to assess their subsequent experience of negative life events and the onset of a depressive episode. They found that the influence of negative life events on the subsequent onset of depression depended on HPA-axis functioning at baseline. Specifically, negative life events predicted the onset of depression in girls with higher levels of AUCg, but not in girls with lower levels of AUCg. In contrast, CAR did not predict the onset of depression either alone or in interaction with negative life events. These findings suggest that elevated total cortisol production in daily life potentiates susceptibility to environmental adversity and signals the need for early intervention.
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Early adolescent females with a genetic predisposition to depressive illness had higher daily cortisol if they had experienced maltreatment during childhood.
“Another study of early adolescent females, aged 9 to 14, with a genetic predisposition to depressive illness, had higher daily cortisol if they had experienced maltreatment during their childhood (153).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [153]
The Methods (Participants) confirm that the study included girls aged 9–14, some with a maternal history of depression, but it did not establish a genetic predisposition. The Abstract and Methods (Follow-up Assessments) describe cortisol measured at baseline and negative life events assessed afterward; the reported finding is that higher baseline cortisol predicted depression following those events, not that childhood maltreatment was associated with higher cortisol. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAUCg reflects daily total cortisol circulation and may be more sensitive to stressors throughout the day.
“AUCg, on the other hand, reflects daily total cortisol circulation and may be more sensitive to stressors throughout the day.8”
From DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
The direction of the present findings (blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output interacting with stressful events to predict depressive symptoms) is opposite of previous findings in this area.
“The present study found that blunted CAR and less daily cortisol output interacted with stressful events to prospectively predict depressive symptoms. This direction is opposite of those from previous findings in this area.8,15”
From DIURNAL CORTISOL INTERACTS WITH STRESSFUL EVENTS TO PROSPECTIVELY PREDICT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
A high-risk design wherein participants at elevated risk for the disorder of interest are followed is a solution to the difficulty of detecting risk factors for low-incidence eating disorders.
“One solution is to use a high-risk design wherein participants at elevated risk for the disorder of interest are followed.”
From Interactions between risk factors in the prediction of onset of eating disorders: Exploratory hypothesis generating analyses (2018) · cites this paper as LeMoult, Ordaz, Kircanski, Singh, & Gotlib, 2015
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- Authors
- LeMoult, J., Ordaz, S. J., Kircanski, K., Singh, M. K., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 850-859
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC4662047
- OpenAlex
- W2347055675
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32-MH102013, T32-MH019938, F32-MH096385, K23-MH085919, R01-MH59259)
- Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (22337, 20814)
- Third Generation Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression onset, adolescent girls, diurnal cortisol, cortisol awakening response, negative life events, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, biological vulnerability, environmental adversity, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological
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