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Cited by 32Traffic and Road SafetyAdolescent Sexual and Reproductive HealthOlder Adults Driving Studies

Factors contributing to delay in driving licensure among U.S. high school students and young adults

Open access
Vaca, Federico E., Li, Kaigang, Tewahade, Selam, Fell, James C., Haynie, Denise L., Simons-Morton, Bruce G., Romano, Eduardo·2021·Journal of Adolescent Health
DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.003PMC PMC8136290
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Abstract

Purpose More teens delay in driving licensure (DDL). It is conceivable they miss Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) safety benefits. We assessed prevalence, disparities, and factors associated with DDL among emerging adults.Methods Data used were from all seven waves (W1-7) of the NEXT Generation Health Study (W1 in 10th grade [2009-2010]). The outcome variable was DDL (long-DDL [delayed >2 years], intermediate-DDL [delayed 1-2 years] versus no-DDL), defined as participants receiving driver licensure ≥1 year after initial eligibility. Independent variables included sex, urbanicity, race/ethnicity, family structure, parental education, family affluence, parental monitoring knowledge, parent perceived importance of alcohol nonuse, and social media use. Logistic regressions were conducted.Results Of 2,525 participants eligible for licensure, 887 (38.9%) reported intermediate-DDL and 1,078 (30.1%) long-DDL. Latinos (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.5 vs. whites) and those with lower affluence (AOR = 2.5 vs. high) had higher odds of intermediate-DDL. Latinos (AOR = 4.5 vs. whites), blacks (AOR = 2.3 vs. whites), those with single parent (AOR = 1.7 vs. both biological parents), whose parents' education was high school or less (AOR = 3.7 vs. bachelor+) and some college (AOR = 2.0 vs. bachelor+) levels, and those with lower affluence (AOR = 4.4 vs. high) had higher odds of long-DDL. Higher mother's monitoring knowledge (AOR = .6) was associated with lower odds of long-DDL, but not intermediate-DDL.Conclusions Some teens that DDL "age out" of protections afforded to them by GDL driver restrictions. Minority race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urbanicity, and parenting factors contribute to DDL. Further study of these factors and their individual/collective contributions to DDL is needed to understand potential unintended consequences of GDL, particularly in more vulnerable youth.

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  • Graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems effectively reduce crash deaths for 16-17-year-olds by delaying licensure and minimizing exposure to high-risk driving conditions.

    “While graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems effectively reduce crash deaths for the 16–17-year-olds by delaying licensure and minimizing exposure to high-risk driving conditions”

    From Assessing the American public's preferences for reforms to teen driving licensure systems: a discrete choice experiment (2026) · cites this paper as [3]

    The passage labeled Abstract > Conclusions says GDL policies have reduced young-driver injury and fatal crashes, and identifies nighttime and passenger restrictions as important protections. It separately says raising licensing age may reduce teen crashes, but does not establish that GDL reduces deaths specifically among 16–17-year-olds *by delaying licensure*. The paper treats delayed licensure as a distinct issue that can cause teens to miss GDL protections. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Authors
Vaca, F. E., Li, K., Tewahade, S., Fell, J. C., Haynie, D. L., Simons-Morton, B. G., & Romano, E.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • Colorado School of Public Health (US)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (US)
  • Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation (US)
Corresponding author
Li, Kaigang
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Adolescent Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-01
Volume
68
Issue
1
Pages
191-198
ISSN
1054-139X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.003
PMC
PMC8136290
OpenAlex
W3040682241
Cited by
32
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8
FWCI
3.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Traffic and Road Safety
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Older Adults Driving Studies
Keywords
graduated driver licensing, adolescents, young adults, emerging adults, Latino youth, racial and ethnic disparities, socioeconomic status, family structure, parental education, parental supervision, alcohol consumption, social media use, urbanicity
MeSH terms
Accidents, Traffic, Adolescent, Automobile Driving, Humans, Licensure, Schools, Students, Young Adult

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