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Child and Adolescent Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the Three-Wave Longitudinal COPSY Study
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PURPOSE: The German population-based longitudinal COVID-19 andPsychological Health study monitors changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies vulnerable groups. METHODS: A nationwide, population-based survey was conducted in May 2020 to June 2020 (Wave 1), December 2020 to January 2021 (Wave 2), and September 2021 to October 2021 (Wave 3). In total, n = 2,097 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years were investigated using measures to assess HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ), anxiety (SCARED), depressive symptoms(PHQ-2), and psychosomatic complaints(HBSC-SCL). RESULTS: The prevalence of low HRQoL increased from 15% prepandemic to 40% and 48% in Waves 1 and 2 and improved slightly to 35% in Wave 3 (all differences significant). Similarly, overall mental health problems increased from 18% prepandemic to 29% in Wave 1 and 31% in Wave 2 to 28% in Wave 3 (all differences significant, except Wave 3 vs. 2), anxiety increased from 15% prepandemic to 24% and 30% in Waves 1 and 2 and was still 27% in Wave 3. Depressive symptoms increased from 10% prepandemic to 11% and 15% in Waves 1 and 2 and were 11% in Wave 3. A group with low parental education, restricted living conditions, migration background, and parental mental health problems was at significantly increased risk of HRQoL and mental health impairments. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of low HRQoL, mental health problems, and anxiety has been elevated throughout the pandemic. Thus, mental health promotion, prevention, and intervention strategies need to be implemented to support adolescents-particularly those at risk.
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“Socially restrictive measures, quarantines and lockdowns have been associated with reduced social interaction and increased loneliness that may lead to a rise in mental health problems such as symptoms of depression and anxiety.”
From A Longitudinal Study of Loneliness Before the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trajectories, Predictors, and Impact on Chinese Adolescent Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Measures to stop the spread of the virus led to reduced social contact, likely increasing loneliness and negative emotions”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Ravens-Sieberer et al., 2022
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“Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a decrease in children’s and adolescents’ general wellbeing, an increase of mental health problems and psychiatric diagnoses, and a growing demand for (non-specialized and specialized) mental health care.”
From Interventions to build resilience and to ameliorate negative psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Specifically, a rise in depressive symptoms, anxiety, suicidal ideation, loneliness, sleep disturbance, eating disorders, gaming and increased screen time has been reported [4–8].”
From Interventions to build resilience and to ameliorate negative psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a decrease in children’s and adolescents’ general wellbeing, an increase of mental health problems and psychiatric diagnoses, and a growing demand for (non-specialized and specialized) mental health care.”
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“In regard to settings, six interventions were considered school-based [4, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50] where interventions took place either at school or during (online) classes, or alternatively, participants were assigned to interventions based on their class affiliation (clustered study design).”
From Interventions to build resilience and to ameliorate negative psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Control conditions comprised no treatment or waitlist-control [44, 49, 51, 53, 54], active control (predominantly health education) [4, 42, 43, 47, 48, 52] and alternative active control (e.g. Mandala drawing, mindfulness-based meditation, expressing emotions) [45, 46, 50].”
From Interventions to build resilience and to ameliorate negative psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
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Richter, K., Buechel, C., Augustin, M., Friedmann, A., Mall, V., & Nehring, I. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00905-5 · Cited by 12
Psychopathology, Protective Factors, and COVID-19 among Adolescents: A Structural Equation Model
Scheiner, C., Seis, C., Kleindienst, N., & Buerger, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032493 · Cited by 9
Schillok, H., Coenen, M., Rehfuess, E. A., Kuhlmann, P. H., Matl, S., Kindermann, H., Maison, N., Eckert, J., von Both, U., Behrends, U., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1135415 · Cited by 9
Silber, A.-S., Platte, S., Kumar, A., Arora, S., Kadioglu, D., Schmidt, M., Storf, H., Chiocchetti, A. G., & Freitag, C. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1281363 · Cited by 7
Impact of the COVID-19 health crisis on psychotropic drug use in children and adolescents in France
Couturas, J., Jost, J., Schadler, L., Bodeau, N., Moysan, V., Lescarret, B., Olliac, B., & Calvet, B. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00806-z · Cited by 8
Berra, S., Bernaschini, M. E., Mamondi, V., & Rajmil, L. (2023) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03515-w · Cited by 7
Förtsch, K., Viermann, R., Reinauer, C., Baumeister, H., Warschburger, P., Holl, R. W., Domhardt, M., Krassuski, L. M., Platzbecker, A. L., Kammering, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.11.397 · Cited by 7
»Die Corona-Pandemie hat mir wertvolle Zeit genommen«
Thomas, S. (2023) · Pädagogik · doi:10.1515/9783839462232-009 · Cited by 7
Gniewosz, G. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01808-4 · Cited by 9
“Managing the COVID-19 situation during the specific developmental period between late adolescence and early adulthood is a challenge for most young people (e.g., Racine et al., 2021; Ravens-Sieberer et al., 2022).”
BackgroundFörderung der mentalen Gesundheitskompetenz im Jugendalter
Edelmann, A., Eppelmann, L., & Wessa, M. (2022) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-022-00622-w · Cited by 6
Habermann, K., Napp, A.-K., Reiß, F., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., & Ravens‐Sieberer, U. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1510355 · Cited by 7
Self-citationReiß, F., Erhart, M., Kaman, A., Devine, J., Zoellner, F., & Ravens‐Sieberer, U. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26577-0 · Cited by 6
Self-citationGrommé, E. S., Nonte, S., & Reintjes, C. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/s35834-023-00390-w · Cited by 6
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Struckmeyer, N., Biester, T., Kordonouri, O., Weiner, C., Sadeghian, E., Guntermann, C., Kapitzke, K., Weiskorn, J., Galuschka, L., von Stuelpnagel, K., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132936 · Cited by 6
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Stationäre Versorgung in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie – wer hat Platz?
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Anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation among early adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Danzo, S., Kuklinski, M. R., Sterling, S., Beck, A. L., Braciszewski, J. M., Boggs, J. M., Briney, J. S., Charvat‐Aguilar, N., Eisenberg, N., Kaffl, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12333 · Cited by 9
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Morishima, R., Kanehara, A., Aizawa, T., Okada, N., Usui, K., Noguchi, H., & Kasai, K. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.09.015 · Cited by 9
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ravens-Sieberer, U., Erhart, M., Devine, J., Gilbert, M., Reiss, F., Barkmann, C., Siegel, N. A., Simon, A. M., Hurrelmann, K., Schlack, R., Hölling, H., Wieler, L. H., & Kaman, A.
- Affiliations
- Alice-Salomon-Hochschule Berlin (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Hertie School (DE)
- Robert Koch Institute (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 570-578
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9386895
- OpenAlex
- W4292241804
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 150
- FWCI
- 82.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Publication server of the Robert Koch Institute (Robert Kock Institute) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS 4 (Zuse Institute Berlin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- child and adolescent mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, health-related quality of life, anxiety, depressive symptoms, mental illness, vulnerable populations, parental education, migration background, parental mental health, psychosomatic symptoms
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Humans, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Pandemics
About these checks
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