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Spatiotemporal patterns of lithium mining and environmental degradation in the Atacama Salt Flat, Chile
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In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the chemicals used for precipitation and the waste produced by this process have raised many socioenvironmental concerns (Anlauf, 2016; Liu et al., 2019; Dorn et al., 2020).”
From A review of technologies for direct lithium extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions (2022) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“a study in the Salar de Atacama, Chile, has found fast expansion of lithium mining operations to have a strong correlation with the ongoing environmental degradation in the area (Liu et al. 2019).”
From The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development (2022) · cites this paper as Liu et al. 2019
In the citing paper
“While lithium extraction may be promoted as good for the environment and for certain economies, we are already aware that there have been negative impacts, both environmental and social, associated with the development of this sector in the region (Liu etal. 2019; Marchegiani etal. 2018, 2020).”
From The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development (2022) · cites this paper as Liu et al. 2019
In the citing paper
“Lithium mining has significantly increased over the last two decades, quadrupling the surface area of its operations in the SdA from 20.54 km 2 in 1997 to 80.53 km 2 in 2017 (Liu et al., 2019).”
From Mining indigenous territories: Consensus, tensions and ambivalences in the Salar de Atacama (2022) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2019
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Items 101–164 of 164
Comparison of simple and active solar stills for freshwater recovery during lithium brine mining
Baspineiro, C. F., & Flexer, V. (2024) · Next Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.nxsust.2024.100055 · Cited by 5
A review on the socio-environmental impacts of lithium supply for electric aircraft
Chen-Glasser, M., & DeCaluwe, S. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Aerospace Engineering · doi:10.3389/fpace.2022.1058940 · Cited by 5
“Just as water loss impacts local wetlands, it can uproot traditional ways of life by encroaching on land previously used for farming (Abelvik-Lawson, 2019; Liu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundKabiraj, S. (2021) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-021-07506-4 · Cited by 5
“Spatio-temporal assessment of environmental degradation in lithium mining area estimated in Atacama salt flat, Chile by Wenjuan Liu et al. (2019) using MODIS and Landsat data product of LST (day and night), ET, NDVI, and soil moisture index (SMI) in a lithium mining area and they found a strong…”
MethodEvaluation of world lithium mining projects using hybrid MCDM model
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Environmental Justice Across the Lithium Supply Chain: A Role for Science Diplomacy in the Americas
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“…persist between mining companies and regulatory agencies in Chile regarding the extent and actual environmental consequences of lithium mining in the region (Houmann 2019), even when scienti ic evidence shows the signi icant negative impacts it has had over the past 20 years (Liu et al. 2019).”
BackgroundFilho, J. D. S. O. (2023) · Journal of South American Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104506 · Cited by 3
Chaudhuri, S., & Roy, M. (2024) · India Quarterly A Journal of International Affairs · doi:10.1177/09749284231225823 · Cited by 3
“Lithium extraction and resultant hydric stress collectively impact local biodiversity (Guiterrez et al., 2022) and elevate daytime temperature (Liu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPalchetti, M. V., Cantero, J. J., Morales‐Fierro, V., Barboza, G. E., & Moreira‐Muñoz, A. (2021) · PhytoKeys · doi:10.3897/phytokeys.185.71377 · Cited by 3
“In fact, lithium mining has led to socio-environmental conflicts and even it has been proposed as one of the major causes of local environmental degradation (Schiaffini 2013; Liu et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMoran, B., Boutt, D. F., McKnight, S., Jenckes, J., Munk, L., Corkran, D., & Kirshen, A. (2022) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10510758.1 · Cited by 3
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Assessing the perception gap: mining impacts from community and company perspectives in Nigeria
Mbachu, I. (2025) · Journal of Sustainable Mining · doi:10.46873/2300-3960.1441 · Cited by 2
How to maximize the chilean government's revenue with the National Lithium Strategy?
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“Mining intensity has been found to be significantly negatively correlated with vegetation indices and positively correlated with LST [13], [14].”
Green Extractivism in Lithium Triangle
Janubová, B. (2023) · Slovak Journal of International Relations · doi:10.53465/sjir.1339-2751.2023.2.109-134 · Cited by 2
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“…car companies are destroying sacred land in the so-called “lithium triangle” ‒ an area located between Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile ‒ mining lithium and impacting the environment and the human communities that live in those areas (Liu, Agusdinata, and Myint 2019; Gundermann and Göbel 2018).”
BackgroundParticipation, Responsiveness, Interaction
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Challenges from patterns of human behaviors and drought: Environmental and human health risks
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Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteriesPreprint
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Impact of lithium mining on climate change in the Atacama Desert, South America
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Parsing the Scalar Situation: Lithium and the Analysis of Concurrent Epistemologies
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Reclaiming glocal: Toward a post-extractivist, sovereign Chile beyond green growth
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“Liu et al. (2019) studied the environmental impact of lithium mining in the Atacama Salt Flat using Landsat imagery and MODIS land products.”
BackgroundMethodNanocomposite Sorbents Based on TiO2 Containing Manganese Spinel for Concentration of Lithium Ions
Chaban, M. O., Rozhdesvenska, L., Dzyazko, Y. S., Ponomarova, L., & Palchik, A. V. (2020) · IEEE International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP) · doi:10.1109/nap51477.2020.9309587 · Cited by 1
“This metal is contained in water of some salt lakes, the most known salars are located mainly in South America [4].”
BackgroundSocial Science for a Just Transition
Schneider, M. J., & O’Neill, B. (2025) · Sustainability and Climate Change · doi:10.1177/26922932251369516 · Cited by 1
“The process of lithium mining is environmentally disruptive and a source of conflict between local Indigenous communities and companies invested in the mineral ’ s extraction (Babidge and Bolados, 2018; Jerez et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2019; Vosko-boynik and Andreucci, 2022).”
Symington, A. (2021) · Revista Internacional de Derecho Humanos · doi:10.26422/ridh.2021.1102.sym
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Membrane Percrystallisation for Lithium Salt RecoveryPreprint
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“…the use of natural vegetation as a source of energy (wood and charcoal) (Delgado et al. 2022; Pinheiro Junior et al. 2019), mining activities (Liu et al. 2019), and forest fires (Delgado et al. 2022) have contributed to the loss of C sequestration potential in the dry climate forests of…”
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“Mining operations currently occupy approximately 80 km 2 , and recent studies have documented significant environmental degradation throughout the saltpan over the past two decades (Liu & Agusdinata, 2020; Liu et al., 2019).”
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Comparative tissue level uptake of Lithium and Potassium across four urban tree species
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“Lithium extraction via brine evaporation consumes approximately 500,000 gallons of water per tonne of lithium carbonate equivalent, imposing unsustainable burdens on already water-stressed regions like Chile’s Salar de Atacama [22].”
Basin Under Stress: 35 Years of Expanding Drought in the Salar de Atacama
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“In northern Chile, water scarcity has been further exacerbated by sustained climatic deficits and increasing demand for limited freshwater resources, while additional pressures from economic activities have intensified stress on water availability (Liu et al. 2019; Marazuela et al. 2020).”
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Lithium and Water: Why Hydrological Limits Will Define a Just Energy Transition
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Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Lithium Mining: A Comprehensive Review
Otorkpa, O. J., Aborode, A. T., Tukur, B. M., Emmanuel, S., Opeyemi, F., & Ukah, A. A. (2026) · African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research · doi:10.52589/ajensr-t14mmzkd
Extractivism and its socio-environmental impact in South America. Overview of the “lithium triangle”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, W., Agusdinata, D. B., & Myint, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Agusdinata, Datu B.
- Venue
- International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-08
- Volume
- 80
- Pages
- 145-156
- ISSN
- 0303-2434 (ISSN-L)
- 1569-8432
- OpenAlex
- W2943645630
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 141.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Geology and Environmental Impact Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Mining and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones
- Keywords
- lithium mining, environmental degradation, spatiotemporal variation, NDVI decline, land surface temperature, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, drought, lithium battery industry, mining impacts, national reserves
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