Cited by 409Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCancer-related cognitive impairment studiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Anxiety as a Predictor for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gulpers, Bernice, Ramakers, Inez, Hamel, Renske, Köhler, Sebastian, Oude Voshaar, Richard, Verhey, Frans·2016·The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.015

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Abstract

Background Because anxiety is postulated as a risk factor for dementia, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether anxiety predicts cognitive decline and/or dementia, taking the stage of cognitive decline as well as setting into account.Methods A systematic literature search up to January 2015 was performed to identify all longitudinal studies on the association between anxiety and cognition. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were conducted independently by two authors. Where possible, pooled relative risks were calculated to examine anxiety as a possible risk factor for cognitive decline cognitive impairment and dementia in community studies (objective 1), as well as for conversion to dementia patients referred to memory clinics (objective 2).Results Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. Data on cognitive decline were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis. Anxiety predicted incident cognitive impairment (4 studies, relative risk [RR]: 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-2.26, z = 4.50, p < 0.001) and dementia (6 studies, RR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.02-2.42, z = 2.05, p = 0.040) in the community, the latter driven by studies with a mean age of 80 years or above. Among clinical mild cognitive impairment samples, anxiety did not predict conversion to dementia (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.90-1.63, z = 1.28, p = 0.200).Conclusions Anxiety is associated with an increased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia in the community. Stronger associations were driven by higher age, suggesting that it is a prodromal symptom. Causal biological pathways have also been described, which could explain the risk for incident cognitive impairment in the community. Future studies should include mediating mechanism when studying anxiety as a predictor for cognitive decline and/or dementia.

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Chapter 19. The Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum of Disorders
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Chapter 35. Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder
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Index
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Chapter 36. Anxiety in the Context of Substance Use Disorders
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Chapter 30. Pathogenesis of PTSD
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Chapter 18. Psychological Treatment for OCD
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Chapter 31. Pharmacotherapy for PTSD
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Chapter 9. Combined Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
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Chapter 13. Pharmacotherapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 38. Anxiety and Insomnia
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Chapter 23. Psychotherapy for Panic Disorder
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Chapter 10. Core Principles in Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders
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Chapter 15. Phenomenology of OCD
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Chapter 32. Psychotherapy for PTSD
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Front Matter
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Chapter 34. Treatment of Acute and Persistent Grief
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Chapter 3. Neural Circuits in Fear and Anxiety: Research Domain Criteria: Preclinical to Clinical
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Chapter 14. Psychotherapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 17. Pharmacotherapy for OCD
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Chapter 24. Phenomenology of Social Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 2. Genetic Contributions to Anxiety and Related Disorders
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Chapter 37. Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Medical Settings
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Chapter 39. Childhood Anxiety Disorders
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Chapter 8. Unified Protocol: A Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach
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Chapter 11. Phenomenology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 12. Pathogenesis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 33. Phenomenology of Acute and Persistent Grief
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Chapter 5. Economic and Social Burden of Anxiety, Trauma-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
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Chapter 1. Classification of Anxiety and Related Disorders
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Chapter 27. Psychotherapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 20. Phenomenology of Panic Disorder
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Chapter 28. Specific Phobia
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Chapter 26. Pharmacotherapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
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Chapter 40. Anxiety Disorders in Late Life
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Chapter 29. Phenomenology of PTSD
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Chapter 7. Psychodynamic Concepts and Treatment of Anxiety
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Chapter 6. Cognitive-Behavioral Concepts of Anxiety
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Chapter 21. Pathogenesis of Panic Disorder
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Chapter 4. Cultural and Social Aspects of Anxiety Disorders
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Additional file 3 of Trajectories of subjective cognitive decline, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia
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Additional file 1 of Trajectories of subjective cognitive decline, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia
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Additional file 6 of Trajectories of subjective cognitive decline, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia
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Additional file 2 of Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations
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Authors: Gulpers, B., Ramakers, I., Hamel, R., Köhler, S., Oude Voshaar, R., & Verhey, F.
Affiliations: Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
Corresponding author: Gulpers, Bernice
ORCID: Ramakers, Inez
Köhler, Sebastian
Verhey, Frans
Venue: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-10
Volume: 24
Issue: 10
Pages: 823-842
ISSN: 1064-7481 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.015
OpenAlex: W2460803101
Cited by: 409
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 2.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: anxiety, cognitive decline, dementia, cognitive impairment, dementia risk factors, mild cognitive impairment, conversion to dementia, prodromal symptoms, older adults, community-dwelling older adults
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Dementia, Humans, Risk Factors, Cognitive Dysfunction

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Anxiety as a Predictor for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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