Cited by 306Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders

Leyfer, Ovsanna T., Ruberg, Joshua L., Woodruff-Borden, Janet·2006·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.004

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Abstract

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV) were administered to 193 adults at a major Midwestern university recruited from an anxiety research and treatment center. The BAI and its four factor scores were compared from individuals with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), specific or social phobia, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and no psychiatric diagnosis. The cut scores on the BAI and its factors, their sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each group. The results of this study support previous findings that the strongest quality of the BAI is its ability to assess panic symptomatology. The present study also expands on this notion by establishing that the BAI can be used as an efficient screening tool for distinguishing between individuals with and without panic disorder.

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Chapa, O. (2021) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1863246 · Cited by 13
“The BAI instrument addresses the severity of self-reported anxiety (Leyfer et al., 2006).”
Background
Reduction in Looming Cognitive Style in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Effect on Post-treatment Symptoms Across Anxiety Disorders and Within Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Katz, D. E., Rector, N. A., & Riskind, J. H. (2017) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2017.10.4.346 · Cited by 9
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“In our study the version of this test with 14-question multiple-choice selfreport inventory was used [30, 31].”
Method
Dimensionality of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in a Polytrauma Sample of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans: Findings From Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Palmer, G. A., Happe, M. C., Paxson, J. M., Jurek, B. K. W., & Olson, S. A. (2016) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000117 · Cited by 8
“Previous research has suggested that one of the best strengths of the BAI is its ability to assess symptoms of panic (Cox et al., 1996a), and it has also been used to help distinguish between those patients with and without panic disorders via use of cutoff scores (Leyfer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Fear of Falling
Albay, V. B., & Tütüncü, M. (2021) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.319225 · Cited by 8
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Soroush, M. Z., Tahvilian, P., Koohestani, S., Maghooli, K., Dabanloo, N. J., Kadijani, M. S., Jahantigh, S., Soroush, M. Z., & Saliani, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.997626 · Cited by 9
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Larrain, G. B., Rojas-Morales, N., Rogel, N. G., & Daniel, O. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325785 · Cited by 7
“This instrument has been severally used in literature to diagnose anxiety in teenagers and adult patients [29].”
BackgroundMethod
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Tubaki, B. R., Lavekar, G. S., Chandrashekar, C. R., Sathyaprabha, T. N., & Kutty, B. M. (2023) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100765 · Cited by 7
“One limitations of BAI is that it is a better tool for assessing panic disorder than other spectra of anxiety disorders [21].”
Method
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Chen, T., Kung, Y., Lai, H., Lee, L., Jen, I.-A., Chang, H., Liu, C.-Y., Kuo, T. B. J., & Yang, C. C. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1067437 · Cited by 7
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“The BAI scale has demonstrated strong internal consistency across studies involving similar populations (47, 48).”
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Rickelt, J., Viechtbauer, W., Marcelis, M. C., van den Heuvel, O. A., van Oppen, P., Eikelenboom, M., & Schruers, K. R. J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.078 · Cited by 6
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Aucoin, M., LaChance, L., van der Wurff, I. S. M., McLaren, M. D., Monteiro, S., Miller, S., Jenkins, A., Sabri, E., & Cooley, K. (2024) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2024.2403901 · Cited by 5
“Secondary objectives included changes in anxiety symptom severity (Beck Anxiety Index (BAI) [21]), diet quality (MEDI-LITE questionnaire [22]), quality of life (PROMIS-29 [23]), mindful eating behaviors (Mindful Eating Questionnaire [24]), self-efficacy (General Self Efficacy Scale [25]), and…”
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“‘fear of worst happen’).(15) Total scores are classified as minimal anxiety (0–7), mild anxiety (8–15), moderate anxiety (16–25) and severe anxiety (30–63).”
Background
Panic disorder in epilepsy
Redecker, T. M., Jeung-Maarse, H., & Brandt, C. (2024) · Epilepsy & Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100646 · Cited by 6
“…Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7, total value 17, “ severe anxiety ” ) [1,2], the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI, total value 11, “ mild anxiety ” ) [3,4], the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, total value 12, “ minimal depression ” ) [5,6], and Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory in…”
Background
Open Trial of Inference-Based Therapy in the Treatment of Compulsive Hoarding
Bodryzlova, Y. (2016) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2016.06.00403 · Cited by 5
“Higher scores are associated with more severe anxiety symptoms; scores between 8 and 15 associated with moderate; between 16 and 25 with severe and between 26 and 63 with extreme anxiety symptom severity [52].”
Background
Iliou Machine Learning Data Preprocessing Method for Stress Level Prediction
Iliou, T., Κωνσταντοπούλου, Γ., Stephanakis, I. M., Anastasopoulos, K., Lymberopoulos, D. K., & Anastassopoulos, G. C. (2018) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92007-8_30 · Cited by 5
“The results of this study support previous findings that the strongest quality of the BAI is its ability to assess panic symptomatology and can be used as an efficient screening tool for distinguishing between individuals with and without panic disorder [16].”
Improvement of quality of life and mental health in patients with spasmodic torticollis after microvascular decompression
Pu, B., Li, C., Li, J., Ying, T., Hua, C., Liu, K., Li, F., Huang, Z., Zhao, C., & Li, X. (2019) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.03.001 · Cited by 5
MNA-SF is not sufficient without questioning protein and fruit–vegetable consumption to detect malnutrition risk in Parkinson’s Disease
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Association Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Mental Health Symptoms in Middle Eastern Refugees in the US
Ghandour, M., Yamin, J. B., Arnetz, J. E., Lumley, M. A., Stemmer, P. M., Burghardt, P. R., Jamil, H. J., & Arnetz, B. B. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.28246 · Cited by 5
“Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the validated Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [25].”
Method
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Psychosocial Factors Matter in Heart Failure.
Chen, C.-Y., & Wang, C. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.6515/acs20150723a · Cited by 5
Dietary counselling plus omega-3 supplementation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized wait-list controlled pilot trial (the “EASe-GAD Trial”)
Aucoin, M., LaChance, L., van der Wurff, I. S. M., Miller, S., Naidoo, U., Jenkins, A., & Cooley, K. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01414-y · Cited by 6
“In order to assess changes in anxiety symptom severity, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, a validated, 21-item self-report inventory for measuring the severity of anxiety in participants with psychiatric illness, will be administered [49].”
Method
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) Combined with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Levrier, K., Marchand, A., Billette, V., Guay, S., & Belleville, G. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.70899 · Cited by 4
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Severity of anxious symptoms in nursing students of the University of Palermo
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Anxiety, Depression and Coronary Artery Disease among Patients Undergoing Angiography in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
Tajfard, M., Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., Rahimi, H. R., Mouhebati, M., Esmaeily, H., Ferns, G. A., Latiff, L. A., Tajfiroozeh, F., Mokhber, N., Nazeminezhad, R., et al. (2014) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2014.611137 · Cited by 4
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Method
Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology After September 2001
Krastel, B., & Margraf, J. (2009) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.68.4.221 · Cited by 4
Beck Anxiety Inventory
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A New Ashwagandha Formulation (Zenroot™) Alleviates Stress and Anxiety Symptoms While Improving Mood and Sleep Quality: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study
Mahadevan, M. V., Kumarpillai, G., Gupta, R., Morde, A. A., Patni, P., Srinivas, S. S., Bhuvanendran, A., & Phanindra, A. (2025) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03327-z · Cited by 3
“This was assessed at baseline, and on days 14, 28, 56, and 84 [26].”
Anxiety, depression and fear of disease progression among Chinese parents of children with retinoblastoma
Yu, Y., Feng, Y., Han, Y., Yang, J., Wen, X., Fan, X., & Fan, J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07229-w · Cited by 4
“The BAI is a common screening tool to measure anxiety levels in adults aged 17–80 years [19].”

Authors: Leyfer, O. T., Ruberg, J. L., & Woodruff-Borden, J.
Affiliations: University of Louisville (US)
Corresponding author: Leyfer, Ovsanna T.
ORCID: Leyfer, Ovsanna T.
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 444-458
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.004
OpenAlex: W2087701524
Cited by: 305
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 4.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: Beck Anxiety Inventory, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, factor scores, diagnostic accuracy, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, predictive value
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Midwestern United States, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Panic Disorder

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Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders

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