Cited by 306Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders

Leyfer, Ovsanna T., Ruberg, Joshua L., Woodruff-Borden, Janet·2006·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.004

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Abstract

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV) were administered to 193 adults at a major Midwestern university recruited from an anxiety research and treatment center. The BAI and its four factor scores were compared from individuals with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), specific or social phobia, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and no psychiatric diagnosis. The cut scores on the BAI and its factors, their sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each group. The results of this study support previous findings that the strongest quality of the BAI is its ability to assess panic symptomatology. The present study also expands on this notion by establishing that the BAI can be used as an efficient screening tool for distinguishing between individuals with and without panic disorder.

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“Further, depressive and anxiety symptoms were ascertained via self-report rather than standardized clinical interviews which may underestimate the prevalence of these disorders [18,48].”
Background
Psychological Characteristics of Chronic Pain: a Review of Current Evidence and Assessment Tools to Enhance Treatment
Miller, R. M., & Kaiser, R. S. (2018) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-018-0663-y · Cited by 42
A New Scale Measuring Psychologic Impact of Genetic Susceptibility Testing for Alzheimer Disease
Chung, W. W., Chen, C. A., Cupples, L. A., Roberts, J. S., Hiraki, S. C., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318188429e · Cited by 42
“The IES has been specifically anchored to test-related distress in previous genetic testing studies.(15,26) For the purpose of this study, the total IES (range, 0 to 75) was used.”
Method
The Psychosocial Impact of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Maciag, M. C., Herbert, L., Sicherer, S. H., Young, M. C., Schultz, F., Westcott-Chavez, A. A., Phipatanakul, W., Bingemann, T. A., & Bartnikas, L. M. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.011 · Cited by 42
Is Guided Imagery Effective in Reducing Pain and Anxiety in the Postoperative Total Joint Arthroplasty Patient?
Thomas, K. M., & Sethares, K. A. (2010) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0b013e3181f837f0 · Cited by 41
To what extent does the anxiety scale of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) detect specific types of anxiety disorder in primary care? A psychometric study
Terluin, B., Oosterbaan, D. B., Brouwers, E. P. M., van Straten, A., van de Ven, P. M., Langerak, W., & van Marwijk, H. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-121 · Cited by 40
“The BAI seems to be biased towards panic disorder [16,17] and failed to detect any anxiety disorder in some studies [18,19].”
Background
Efficacy of Glycopyrrolate in Primary Hyperhidrosis Patients
Lee, H. H., Kim, D. W., Kim, D. W., & Kim, C. (2012) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.2012.25.1.28 · Cited by 38
“In addition to examining the direct symptoms of hyperhidrosis, a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [5] and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [6] were conducted to examine the effect of the treatment on patients ’ psychology.”
‘Breaking the Cycle’ of maternal substance use through relationships: a comparison of integrated approaches
Espinet, S. D., Motz, M., Jeong, J. J., Jenkins, J. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2016) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2016.1140148 · Cited by 36
“A score of 16 represents the threshold for clinical significance (Leyfer et al. 2006).”
Background
Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Korea
Seol, S.-H., Kwon, J. S., Kim, Y. Y., Kim, S. N., & Shin, M.-S. (2016) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.4.373 · Cited by 35
Depersonalization, adversity, emotionality, and coping with stressful situations
Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1329770 · Cited by 40
Determinants and consequences of polypharmacy in patients with a depressive disorder in later life
Wiersema, C., Voshaar, R. C. O., van den Brink, R. H. S., Wouters, H., Verhaak, P. F. M., Comijs, H. C., & Jeuring, H. W. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13435 · Cited by 42
Mental Health and Risk of Secondary Medical Complications in Adults With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury
January, A. M., Zebracki, K., Chlan, K. M., & Vogel, L. C. (2014) · Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/sci2001-1 · Cited by 34
The Efficacy of PowerPoint-based CBT Delivered Through Email: Breaking the Barriers to Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
ALAVI, N., & HIRJI, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000455 · Cited by 33
Psychometric Properties of the Icelandic Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in a Clinical and a Student Population
Sæmundsson, B. R., Þórsdóttir, F., Kristjánsdóttir, H., Ólason, D. Þ., Smári, J., & Sigurðsson, J. F. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000059 · Cited by 33
Reduced Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Yost, G. L., Bhat, G., Mahoney, E., & Tatooles, A. J. (2017) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.001 · Cited by 32
The Role of Health Locus of Control in Evaluating Depression and Other Comorbidities in Patients with Chronic Pain Conditions, A Cross‐Sectional Study
Wong, H. J., & Anițescu, M. (2016) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12410 · Cited by 32
Depression and anxiety in supportive oncology
Li, M., Boquiren, V., Lo, C., & Rodin, G. (2011) · Supportive Oncology · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1015-1.00052-7 · Cited by 32
Anxiety and depression levels in Covid-19 disease and their relation to hypertension
Şensoy, B., Güneş, A., & Arı, S. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641963.2020.1847132 · Cited by 36
Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Characteristics in a Sample from the Clinical Spanish Population
Morejón, A. V. V., Jiménez, R. V.-M., & Zanin, G. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.76 · Cited by 29
A review of screening, assessment and outcome measures for drug and alcohol settings.
Deady, M. (2009) · Cited by 30
Safety Behavior Increases Obsession-Related Cognitions About the Severity of Threat
van Uijen, S. L., & Toffolo, M. B. J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.04.001 · Cited by 31
Apolipoprotein E ε4 Genotype Is Associated with Elevated Psychiatric Distress in Veterans with a History of Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Merritt, V. C., Clark, A. L., Sorg, S. F., Evangelista, N. D., Werhane, M. L., Bondi, M. W., Schiehser, D. M., & Delano‐Wood, L. (2018) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5372 · Cited by 30
Anxiety Symptoms and Disorders in College Students With ADHD
O’Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Anastopoulos, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716685837 · Cited by 28
How do we measure psychiatric diagnoses? Implications of the choice of instruments in epilepsy
Hesdorffer, D. C., Baldin, E., Caplan, R., & Berg, A. T. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.001 · Cited by 28
“Mild, moderate, and severe cut offs were examined for the BDI-II [6, 8]and the BAI [12].”
BackgroundMethod
Racing thoughts revisited: A key dimension of activation in bipolar disorder
Weiner, L., Ossola, P., Causin, J.-B., Desseilles, M., Keizer, I., Metzger, J.-Y., Garcia-Krafes, E., Monteil, C., Morali, A., Garcia, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.033 · Cited by 27
“The BAI is a measure of autonomic arousal symptoms, which can be experienced first and foremost in panic disorder (Leyfer et al., 2006).”
Background
Depression and anxiety among elderly earthquake survivors in China
Liang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316639437 · Cited by 25
“Compared with other measurement tools, BAI exhibits a superior ability to distinguish depression (Creamer et al., 1995) and shows a strong quality to diagnose respondent panic symptomatology (Leyfer and Ruberg, 2006).”
Background
Development and Evaluation of the Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Questionnaire
Norton, P. J., & Robinson, C. M. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070903140430 · Cited by 25
“Leyfer et al. (2006) attempted to differentiate Axis I anxiety disorders using the BAI but again found that the measure best discriminated between panic- and non-panic-disordered individuals.”
Method
Effect of Developmental Binocular Vision Abnormalities on Visual Vertigo Symptoms and Treatment Outcome
Pavlou, M., Acheson, J. F., Nicolaou, D. C., Fraser, C. L., Bronstein, A. M., & Davies, R. A. (2015) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000105 · Cited by 25
“88 (43-70) Sex Female, n (%) 19 (73) 6 (75) Male, n (%) 7 (27) 2 (25) Symptom duration, mo, mean (range) 89.”
Transdiagnostic Dimensions of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Preliminary Study Informed by HiTOP
Cowan, H. R., & Mittal, V. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.614710 · Cited by 23
“By contrast, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (35) was included because multiple studies have reported that it is most closely tied to panic symptomatology (36, 37).”
Background
Targeted Prevention of Childhood Anxiety: Engaging Parents in an Underserved Community
Mian, N. D., Eisenhower, A., & Carter, A. S. (2015) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-014-9696-5 · Cited by 24
The Prevalence of Fatigue Following Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in Parkinson's Disease and Association with Quality of Life
Kluger, B. M., de la Parra, V. R., Jacobson, C. E., GARVAN, C. W., Rodriguez, R. L., Fernandez, H. H., Fogel, A., Skoblar, B. M., Bowers, D., & Okun, M. S. (2012) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2012/769506 · Cited by 27
Cognitive Control and Anxious Arousal in Worry and Generalized Anxiety: An Initial Test of an Integrative Model
Vasey, M., Chriki, L. S., & Toh, G. Y. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9809-6 · Cited by 25
“For example, in a study of healthy older adults, Beaudreau and O’Hara (2009) found that scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck and Steer 1990), which predominantly taps AA symptoms (Cox et al. 1996; Leyfer et al. 2006), were negatively correlated with performance on executive function measures.”
BackgroundInfluential
The status of the Beck inventories ( BDI , BAI ) in psychology training and practice: A major shift in clinical acceptance
Piotrowski, C. (2017) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12112 · Cited by 26
Patient Characterization Protocols for Psychophysiological Studies of Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-TBI Psychiatric Disorders
Rapp, P. E., Rosenberg, B., Keyser, D. O., Nathan, D. E., Toruno, K., Cellucci, C. J., Albano, A. M., Wylie, S. A., Gibson, D., Gilpin, A. M. K., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00091 · Cited by 28
“No single instrument has emerged as the preferred choice for studies of TBI-related anxiety disorders Because it has been used in a number of studies of anxiety following TBI (201–203) we recommend the Beck Anxiety Inventory (204, 458) for a rapid assessment of general anxiety and mixed anxiety disorders.”
Method
How do attachment style and social support contribute to women's psychopathology following intimate partner violence? Examining clinician ratings versus self-report
Woodward, M. J., Patton, S. C., Olsen, S. A., Jones, J. M., Reich, C. M., Blackwell, N., & Beck, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.007 · Cited by 22
Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Treatment for Pediatric Depression. A Phase III, 36 Weeks, Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Superiority Study
Häberling, I. S., Berger, G. E., Schmeck, K., Held, U., & Walitza, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00863 · Cited by 25
“Primary outcome measures Scale Examiner Depression severity Children’s Depression Rating Scale (102) Interview with parents and patients Diagnosis of MDD K-SADS-PL(114) Interview with parents and patients Secondary outcome measures (part A) Depression severity Children’s Depression Inventory (DIKJ) (115) Self-report H…”
Method
Symptom dimensions of anxiety and their association with mortality, hospitalization and quality of life in dialysis patients.
Schouten, R. W., Nadort, E., Harmse, V. J., Honig, A., van Ballegooijen, W., Broekman, B., & Siegert, C. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109995 · Cited by 20
A Dutch version of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS): Psychometric properties and validation.
Hermans, M., Korrelboom, K., & Visser, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.033 · Cited by 23
Screening Tool for Anxiety Disorders: Development and Validation of the Korean Anxiety Screening Assessment
Kim, Y.-S., Park, Y., Cho, G., Park, K., Kim, S.-H., Baik, S. Y., Kim, C. L., Jung, S., Lee, W.-H., Choi, Y., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.09.27.2 · Cited by 22
“1058 Psychiatry Investig 2018;15(11):1053-1063 Screening Tool for Anxiety Disorders”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Leyfer, O. T., Ruberg, J. L., & Woodruff-Borden, J.
Affiliations: University of Louisville (US)
Corresponding author: Leyfer, Ovsanna T.
ORCID: Leyfer, Ovsanna T.
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 444-458
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.05.004
OpenAlex: W2087701524
Cited by: 305
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 4.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: Beck Anxiety Inventory, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, factor scores, diagnostic accuracy, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, predictive value
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Midwestern United States, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Panic Disorder

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Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders

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