Cited by 392COVID-19 and Mental HealthAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCommunication and COVID-19 Impact

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety

Open access

Lee, Sherman A., Jobe, Mary C., Mathis, Amanda A., Gibbons, Jeffrey A.·2020·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268PMC PMC7328548

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The adverse psychological effects of COVID-19 have increased globally. Moreover, the psychological toll may be worsening for this health crisis due to the growing numbers of mass deaths and unemployment levels. Coronaphobia, a relatively new pandemic-related construct, has been shown to be strongly related to functional impairment and psychological distress. However, the extent to which coronaphobia is uniquely accountable for the psychological distress experienced during the COVID-19 crisis has not been systematically investigated. The current study examined this question of incremental validity using online data from 453 adult MTurk workers in the U.S. The results of a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that coronaphobia explained additional variance in depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety, above sociodemographics, COVID-19 factors, and the vulnerability factors of neuroticism, health anxiety, and reassurance-seeking behaviors. These findings suggest that health professionals should be aware of coronaphobia as this expression of pandemic-related stress has reliably demonstrated incremental validity in accounting for major indicators of psychological distress.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Using multivariate statistics
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 7,995
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261 · cited 1×
“The rates of depression (PHQ-4≥ 3; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009), anxiety (PHQ-4≥ 3; Kroenke et al., 2009), health anxiety (SHAI≥ 45; Alberts, Hadjistavropoulos, Jones, & Sharpe, 2017), and coronaphobia (CAS≥ 9; Lee, 2020), were 45.”
Handbook of Personality Theory and Research.
Schwartz, M. L., Borgatta, E. F., & Lambert, W. W. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093310 · Cited by 2,182
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety
Lee, S. A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481 · Cited by 1,649 · cited 8×
“Clinical levels of coronaphobia have been operationally defined by scores of nine or greater on the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (Lee, 2020; Lee, Mathis, Jobe, & Pappalardo, 2020).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis
SALKOVSKIS, P. M., RIMES, K. A., WARWICK, H. M. C., & CLARK, D. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702005822 · Cited by 1,351
Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232 · Cited by 1,169 · cited 3×
“Although empirical research into this fear and anxiety about COVID-19 or “coronaphobia,” as Asmundson and Taylor (2020) coined it, is still in the early phases of development, some data suggest that it is playing a prominent role in people’s psychological well-being.”
Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196 · Cited by 1,103 · cited 3×
“Although empirical research into this fear and anxiety about COVID-19 or “coronaphobia,” as Asmundson and Taylor (2020) coined it, is still in the early phases of development, some data suggest that it is playing a prominent role in people’s psychological well-being.”
Influential
Untitled work
(2020) · Cited by 1,012

Show all 23 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 391

Cognitively Inspired Federated Learning Framework for Interpretable and Privacy-Secured EEG Biomarker Prediction of Depression Relapse
Yasin, S., Draz, U., Ali, T. M., Hijji, M., Ayaz, M., Aggoune, E. M., & Yasin, I. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12101032 · Cited by 3
Comparison the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy on death obsession of women in corona pandemic
badrkhani, M., Motlagh, F. Z., & Pirāni, Z. (2022) · The Journal Of Psychological Science · doi:10.52547/jps.21.116.1649 · Cited by 3
A Person-Centered Approach to Emotional Security: Latent Profile Analysis of the Dark Triad and Psychological Symptoms
Kaya, A., Mukba, G., & ÖZOK, H. İ. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231203561 · Cited by 4
“Health anxiety, for instance, can arise during pandemics as people worry about getting severe diseases (Lee et al., 2020).”
Effects of perceived risk of COVID-19 on fear among visiting workers: Mediating role of perceived stress
Baek, E.-M., Jung, H., Kwon, S., Hwang, J.-H., & Park, J.-Y. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000038594 · Cited by 4
Coping with time and death in the Ancient Near East
Sibbing‐Plantholt, I. (2021) · Religion Compass · doi:10.1111/rec3.12420 · Cited by 3
Resilience, fear of COVID-19 and their relationship with cognitive functioning and mood: a study on the administrative staff of the University of Western Macedonia, Greece
Flora, K., Georgiadou, T., Megari, K., Grigoropoulos, I., & Chasiotis, V. (2021) · Journal of Ideas in Health · doi:10.47108/jidhealth.vol4.issspecial3.157 · Cited by 3
“As safety behaviors have been linked with higher levels of psychological distress [54], this study also examined the use of two safety behaviors: taking care of personal hygiene and keeping a minimum social distance [45].”
Background
Unmediated connection of mental health decline and suicide among medical and nonmedical undergraduates during the pandemic of COVID-19: A cross-sectional comparative study
Ansari, S. K., Khan, S. Y., Jabeen, F., Riaz, A., & Cheema, A. H. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.38.5.5686 · Cited by 3
Evaluating a desire to telework model: The role of perceived quality of life, workload, telework experience and organisational telework support
Sanhokwe, H. (2022) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1848 · Cited by 3
Psychosocial implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the employees of the automotive industry in Germany
Titov, I., Sedykh, K., Titova, T., Георгіївна, М. О., Giacomuzzi, S. M., Ertl, M., & Rabe, M. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6n2.7975 · Cited by 3
Fear of COVID-19 among homeless individuals in Germany in mid-2021
Hajek, A., Bertram, F., van Rüth, V., Dost, K., Graf, W., Brennecke, A., Kowalski, V., Püschel, K., Schüler, C., Ondruschka, B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.915965 · Cited by 3
Introduction
Pihkala, P. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622674.003.0001 · Cited by 2
Red State, Blue State, Purple State; Higher and Increasing Blue COVID-19 Anxiety Rate
Gibbons, J. A., Lee, S. A., Harris, K. D., Friedmann, E. D., Rocha, G. R., & Traversa, M. J. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221146705 · Cited by 3
“For example, Lee et al. (2020) found that the CAS was a reliable ( α = .92) measure across gender, race, age, and social attitudes, which include satisfaction with President Trump.”
Self-citation
Death Anxiety and COVID-19 Anxiety. The Mediating Role of Religious Relational Identification and the Impact of Emotional Regulation Strategies
Bostan, C. M., Hrituleac, A., & Măgurianu, L.-A. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231151744 · Cited by 3
“There are interdependent effects between DA and COVID-19 anxiety beyond any socio-demographics that makes it more relevant for the study of effects within any community (Lee et al., 2020; Menzies & Menzies, 2020).”
Influential
Measuring various aspects of coronavirus anxiety: a psychometric evaluation of Pandemic anxiety and Coronophobia scales from the latent and network perspective
Vargová, L., Kačmár, P., Lačný, M., & Baník, G. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04277-x · Cited by 3
“The scale foucses on a set of physiological symptomos triggered by thoughts and informations related to coronavirus (Lee, 2020; Lee et al., 2020a).”
Influential
La ansiedad y su relación con las estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de universitarios en el marco de la pandemia de COVID-19
Klimenko, O., Hernández-Flórez, N., Posada, J. L. Á., & Arroyave, K. Y. P. (2023) · Psicoespacios · doi:10.25057/21452776.1503 · Cited by 7
Mediator role of resilience in the relationship between neuroticism and psychological symptoms: COVID-19 Pandemic and supermarket employees
Çıvgın, U., Yorulmaz, E., & Yazar, K. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04725-8 · Cited by 3
Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a European Portuguese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale
Jarego, M., Ferreira-Valente, A., Costa, R. M., Tavares, M., & Ribeiro, J. L. P. (2023) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.508101 · Cited by 3
Pandemic Grief Reaction and Intolerance of Uncertainty on the Cognitive-Behavioral Model of COVID-Related Hypochondriasis Among Firefighters
Chung, S., Lee, H.-S., Jang, S., Shin, Y., Kim, J., & Jun, J. Y. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0165 · Cited by 3
Foreign Experience in the Prevention of the COVID-19 Pandemic Stress
Kochetova, Y. A., & Klimakova, M. V. (2023) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2023120208 · Cited by 3
How does information technology affect individuals' health behavior in a pandemic? Insights from mobile health application use during COVID-19
Hashemi, P., Reychav, I., Arora, A., Sawaed, N., Sabherwal, R., & Azuri, J. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108005 · Cited by 5
Prediction of tourists' intention toward domestic vs international destinations in post-COVID-19 recovery: the role of COVID-19, future anxiety and solidarity
Kucukergin, K. G., Özekici, Y. K., & Şahin, G. G. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-07-2023-0444 · Cited by 3
General practitioners in front of COVID-19: Italy in European comparative perspective
Genova, A., & Lombardini, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1365517 · Cited by 3
“Healthcare service workers at all levels—primary care, hospital and community care, and highly specialized treatment facilities—have been protagonists in managing the pandemic within the wide coronophobia spread (Arora et al., 2020; Asmundson and Taylor, 2020; Lee et al., 2020).”
Background
Death anxiety among the oldest old in Germany . Evidence from the nationally representative ‘ Old Age in Germany ( D80 +)’
Hajek, A., Jacob, L., Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K., Gyasi, R. M., Soysal, P., Veronese, N., Kostev, K., Aarabi, G., & König, H. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13200 · Cited by 3
“…the pandemic and using a single-item tool ( ﬁ ve response categories from 1 = disagree strongly to 5 = agree strongly; item: ‘ I am afraid of death ’ ), a former study 26 showed that 26.3% agree ‘ a little ’ and 18.8% agreed ‘ strongly ’ to this item (453 adult MTurk workers in the United States).”
Influential
Perception and Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on People’s and Lifestyle: E-learning, People, Well-Being, Quality of Life, Protective Measures and Government
Al-Hashimi, M., & AL-Sayed, H. (2022) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93921-2_33 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Nanogold-Nanosilver for Immune Enhancement of Drug Abuse Victims in Areas Affected by COVID-19
Novitasari, T. A. (2021) · International Journal of Current Science Research and Review · doi:10.47191/ijcsrr/v4-i1-06 · Cited by 3
“Cytokines are proteins involved in the activation and communication of the immune system which is mostly secreted by immune cells and various cells in them [24].”
Background
The Impacts of Propensity to Worry and Fear of COVID-19 on Mental Health of University Students
Belen, H. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.52380/ijpes.2021.8.4.591 · Cited by 3
“Pandemic research highlighted that low emotional stability is associated with coronaphobia (Lee et al., 2020) and fear of contagion (Di Crosta et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Meaningfulness Buffers and Crisis of Meaning Mediates The Longitudinal Effect of Covid-19 Stress On General Mental DistressPreprint
Schnell, T., & Krampe, H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1135588/v1 · Cited by 3
Commentary: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Worry and Related Factors: Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Worry Scale
Stoyanov, D., & Stoyanova, K. (2023) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2023.310123 · Cited by 3
Relationship between Death Anxiety and Happiness of Undergraduate Students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic
Fathian, B., Bousari, M. P., & Ahmadi, F. (2023) · Preventive Care In Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.61186/pcnm.13.3.49 · Cited by 2
Relationships between health personality and death anxiety: mediating role of death coping self-efficacy among Chinese clinical medical freshmen
Zhong, J., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Dai, H., Zhang, D., Chen, H., Wang, T., Zhang, E., Zou, Z., Chen, Q., et al. (2025) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01726-1 · Cited by 3
Holding onto Hope in Times of Crisis: The Mediating Role of Hope in the Link Between Religious Motivation, Pandemic Burnout, and Future Anxiety Among Turkish Older Adults
Vural, M. E., GEÇER, H., HACIKELEŞOĞLU, H., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16060666 · Cited by 3
Psychosomatic health and sympathetic nervous adaptation of health professionals and the general population during the second covid-19 wave in Greece. between-group comparisons and regression analysis
Pilafas, G., & Lyrakos, G. N. (2021) · Health & Research Journal · doi:10.12681/healthresj.28160 · Cited by 6
“For instance, recently it was found that ‘coronophobia’ and ‘health anxiety’ are strongly related to personality traits of the Big Five in the two USA samples.(80,81) Both studies discussed the role of neuroticism, as the opposite trait of having emotional stability in the personality measurement, to have a role in th…”
Background
Novel psychopathological picture during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a first episode of psychotic depression.
Cyran, A., Łuc, M., Szcześniak, D. M., & Rymaszewska, J. (2022) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/141830 · Cited by 2
“„koronafobią” zalicza się wysoki poziom neurotyczności, hipochondryczność oraz skłonność do poszukiwania zapewnień [36].”
Social Distancing and Shopping Behaviour: The Role of Anxiety, Attention, and Awareness on Safety Preferences while Queuing during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Horne, G., & Furnham, A. F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054589 · Cited by 3
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: linking immune function to mental health status
Bodnar, T. S., Chao, A., Holman, P. J., Ellis, L. A., Raineki, C., & Weinberg, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1214100 · Cited by 2
“…the OCS identifies persistent and disturbed thinking related to COVID-19 (Lee, 2020), the CRBS measures reassurance-seeking behaviors associated with concerns over COVID-19 infection (Lee et al., 2020), and the CAS assesses dysfunctional anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic (Lee, 2020).”
Influence of Intolerance of Uncertainty on Preoccupation With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Frontline Nursing Professionals: Mediating Role of Reassurance-Seeking Behavior and Adherence to Physical Distancing
Cho, E., Hong, J., Kim, H., Park, C. H. K., Hong, Y., Park, J., Jun, J. Y., & Chung, S. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e282 · Cited by 2
Validation study of the Korean version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS-7) and psychometric comparison of different rating scales
Park, C. H. K., Ahmed, O., Pang, N. T. P., Kamu, A., Silva, W. A. D., & Chung, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.002 · Cited by 2
Connecting psychosocial and personality characteristics with mental health outcomes. An Italian co-twin control study
Fagnani, C., Gigantesco, A., Giacomini, G., & Medda, E. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102559 · Cited by 2
“Finally, increased health risk perception and health anxiety were found to be associated with poorer stress management and poor mental health (Mousavi et al., 2021; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2020; Montano and Acebes, 2020).”
Background
Effects of Depressive and Anxiety-Related Behaviors in Patients Aged 30–75+ Who Have Experienced COVID-19
Rizanaj, N., & Gavazaj, F. Q. (2024) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid4070072 · Cited by 2
A repeated cross-sectional pilot study of the relationship between perceived a community with shared future for doctor-patient and benefit finding: the mediating role of health self-consciousness and moderating role of anxiety
Jing, F. F., Zhou, J., Ge, J., Wang, X., Tang, M., Zhao, S., Cui, Y., Bai, L., Xia, X., Chen, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01910-7 · Cited by 3
The Who is Who of ‘Meaning‐Hunters’: Α Four‐Level Socio‐Psychological Analysis of Life Meaning‐Making
Tsitseli, A., Prodromitis, G., Yotsidi, V., & Pavlopoulos, V. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12673 · Cited by 2
Coronavirus anxiety in Slovakia during the second wave of the pandemic – Associations with depression, insomnia and generalized anxiety disorder
Babinčák, P., & Babjáková, J. (2022) · Human Affairs · doi:10.1515/humaff-2022-0017 · Cited by 2
“…found to be a valid and reliable unidimensional scale (ahmed et al., 2022; akkuzu et al., 2020; Evren et al., 2020; Choi et al., 2020; lee, 2020; lee et al., 2020a). in terms of the correlations between the CaS and mental health, the most often mentioned positive correlations of the CaS are…”
Influential
Ansiedad, estrategias y recursos para el afrontamiento de trabajadores de salud en primera línea COVID-19 del primer nivel de atención, Cajamarca, 2021
de Cajamarca, U. N., Aguilar, N. G. O., Romero-Casanova, M. C., de Cajamarca, U. N., Aguilar, V. A. O., Vallejo, U. C., Gutiérrez, V. R. O., & Vallejo, U. C. (2021) · REVISTA MÉDICA VALLEJIANA/ Vallejian Medical Journal · doi:10.18050/revistamedicavallejiana.v10i2.03 · Cited by 2
Psychiatric Evaluation of the Effects of COVID-19
López-Arteaga, T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medical Research · doi:10.46889/jcmr.2021.2203 · Cited by 1
“It is suggested that this emergency situation in public health could generate not only negative emotional reactions, but also a lack of compliance with public health directives and the genesis of unhealthy behaviors such as excessive use of substances [7].”
Background
Cognitive behavior therapy for COVID-19 related distress
Moses, K., & Wootton, B. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824289-6.00007-6 · Cited by 2
SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİNDE OKUYAN ÖĞRENCİLERİN BAZI PARA-METRELERE GÖRE ÖLÜM KAYGILARININ ARAŞTIRILMASI
DOĞAN, E., & İmamoğlu, O. (2022) · the Journal of Academic Social Sciences · doi:10.29228/asos.61915 · Cited by 2
Perception of Coronaphobia, Compassion and Associated Factors Among Nurses During the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Kavradım, S. T., ALMAZ, G., & Özer, Z. (2022) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.5336/nurses.2021-85171 · Cited by 2
Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the COVID-19 stress scales in Turkish sample
Şahin, M. D., Şen, S., & Güler, D. (2022) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.1067542 · Cited by 2
The obstetric and gynecological service providers’ and recipients’ perception and experience of the quality of obstetric triage services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran
Yazdimoghaddam, H., Sadrzadeh, S. M., & Karimi, F. Z. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05351-9 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, it is essential to strengthen midwives’ coping strategies by which they become more competent to deal with this psychological disorder [30].”
Background
The Migrants, the ‘Stayers’, and the New Borderlands in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Brexit
Winiecka, K., & Dziekońska, M. (2023) · Key challenges in geography · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29720-5_13 · Cited by 2
Comparing COVID-19 Response Behaviors between a Cancer Patient Sample and a Population-Based Cancer-Free Sample in a Rural Midwestern State
Greteman, B., Garcia, C., Kahl, A. R., Gryzlak, B. M., Chrischilles, E. A., Charlton, M. E., & Nash, S. H. (2023) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000533408 · Cited by 2
The relationship between corona phobia and burnout in critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review
Zare‐Kaseb, A., Dadkhah-Tehrani, M., Nazari, A. M., Zamani, F., & Rashti, S. B. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Reports in Clinical Practice · doi:10.32598/jnrcp.23.47 · Cited by 2
COVID-19-related intrusive thoughts and associated ritualistic behaviors
Leong, A. W., Colah, Z., Guzick, A. G., Chen, E. Y., Shah, S. S., Fall, D. A., Chen, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Cepeda, S. L., et al. (2023) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2023.87.3.225 · Cited by 2
Coronavirus Anxiety as Mediator in the Relationship of Depression and Fear of Death among Polish Adults in the Second Half of Life
Brudek, P. J., Pysz-Waberski, D., & Steuden, S. (2023) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0407-x · Cited by 3
“http://www. ac-psych .org 2023 • 19(3) • 316-323 317 The link between depressive disorders and fear of death becomes particularly evident in the era of the coronavirus pandemic (Lee et al., 2020).”
Evaluation of Psychopathological Conditions, Corona Anxiety, Death Anxiety and Suicide Risk in Hemodialysis Patients During the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Korkut, S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1211968/v1 · Cited by 2
Psychometric properties of the Persian COVID-19 phobia scale
Nazari, R., Barzegari, S., Arpacı, İ., Hasani, A., & Zabihi, A. (2022) · Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences · doi:10.4103/jnms.jnms_52_21 · Cited by 1
Coronaphobia – What Do Coronaphobia Scales Measure? An Analysis of 12 Open Instruments and their Correlates
Radević, L., Milošević, M., Milosavljević, M., & Dinić, B. M. (2023) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.v16i4.2467 · Cited by 1
“We expect to find strong evidence of relations between coronaphobia and GAD (e.g., Lee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Death Anxiety, Mental Health and Meaning in Life During COVID-19
Temel, M., Ok, E., & Boyacıoğlu, N. E. (2023) · Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.21020/husbfd.1185854 · Cited by 2
Viral Anxiety, Reassurance-Seeking Behavior, and Depression Mediate the Influence of Dysfunctional Self-Focus on Preoccupation With COVID-19 Among Infected Cases
Yoon⁎, B. H., Hong, J., & Chung, S. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2024.0097 · Cited by 2
“The CRBS is a self-reported scale that measures reassur-ance-seeking behaviors, 26 which lead to a cycle of anxiety and reassurance seeking.”
Background
DEATH DISTRESS AND END OF LIFE IN OLDER ADULTS LIVING ALONE
Şahin, D. S., Demir, M., Pekesen, M., & Büken, N. Ö. (2024) · The Turkish Journal of Geriatrics · doi:10.29400/tjgeri.2024.406 · Cited by 1
“Death distress can potentially contribute to suicidal acts (7), making it extremely dangerous for older adults.”
Work attendance anxiety, precarious work schedules, and job satisfaction of essential retail workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic
Choi, H., & Marinescu, I. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318586 · Cited by 1
“Cho and Lee (2020) [53] reports that 14% of grocery store workers held bachelor’s degrees or higher.”
Structural Equation Modeling of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Self-Efficacy with the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Flexibility in Nurses
Zolfaghari, A., Fazlali, M., & Tabaghdehi, L. H. (2025) · Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.61186/unmf.23.1.1 · Cited by 1
Cholera-Related Hypochondriasis and Sleep Effort Among Lebanese General Population
Kamaleddine, A. N., Naous, S. M., Tantawi, S. A., Alhajj, L. A., Kamaleddine, N. N., Joo, S. W., & Chung, S. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2025.02852 · Cited by 1
Mental Health Consequences of COVID‐19 Vaccine Side Effects: Findings From a Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Islam, M. S., Amin, M. B., Rahman, M. H., Zaman, F., Rangder, S., Jilan, F. M. K., Chowdhury, W. N., Tamim, S., Hridi, N. J., Hasanuzzaman, M., et al. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70998 · Cited by 1
“Research from various countries has indicated an incidence of mental health issues following vaccination, primarily due to these fears and the adverse reactions experienced or anticipated [19, 20].”
Influential
Exploring the link trend in the field of coronaviruses and cognitive impairment: A bibliometric analysis based on bibliometrix
Cheng, W., Wang, M., Zhou, C., & Li, M. (2025) · Brain Circulation · doi:10.4103/bc.bc_107_24 · Cited by 1
“[51] On the molecular level, disruptions in tryptophan metabolism during COVID‑19 treatment may lead to lower serotonin levels, contributing to depression in some patients.”
COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Cerrahi Birim ve Polikliniklere Başvuran Bireylerin Korku ve Anksiyete Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Ulubay, S., Uzun, E., & Ayoğlu, T. (2025) · Sağlık Bilimleri ve Klinik Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.63695/jhscr.1666221 · Cited by 1
Childhood psychological maltreatment, depressive symptoms, and death obsession in older adults: exploring the moderating effect of meaning in life
Şahin, D. S., Arslan, G., & Uzun, K. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2625852 · Cited by 1
“…death obsession-a construct that encompasses persistent, intrusive, and emotionally distressing thoughts about one’s own death or the death of significant others-has garnered increased attention as a cognitive-affective risk factor among older populations (Abdel-Khalek, 2004; lee et al., 2020).”
Understanding the Effect of Mental Health: The Mediation of Patience and Enxiety
Rozi, F. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210430.052 · Cited by 1
“Anxiety that arose during this pandemic had an effect on functional disorders and psychological stress[5].”
Background
The relationship between coronavirus anxiety level and emotional eating in individuals with metabolic syndrome
Değirmenci, D. M., Uğurlu, Y. K., & Alemdar, D. K. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2080841 · Cited by 2
“To assess or identify individuals’ levels of anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 Anxiety Scale that was designed and developed by Lee et al. (Lee et al., 2020) and Turkish language validity and reliability was made by Evren et al. (Evren et al., 2020) was used.”
Method
Developing the Coronavirus Anxiety Model Based on Parental Distress, Hope for the Future, and Obsessive Behaviors Mediated by Fear of Death
Cholicheh, K. S., Nafar, Z., & Ghalami, Z. (2022) · خانواده پژوهی · doi:10.52547/jfr.18.1.155 · Cited by 1
Covid-19 Bulaşına Maruz Kalan Annelerin Çocuklarının Yaşı ile Korku ve Kaygı Durumu Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi
NURALIYEVA, Z., Solmaz, E., Dolgun, G., & HACI, E. K. (2022) · Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.48124/husagbilder.1135650 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Düzenli Fiziksel Aktivite Yapan Yetişkinlerin Koronavirüs Fobisi ve Negatif Duygu Durumları Arasındaki İlişki
Çiçek, G., & Işık, Ö. (2022) · Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.25307/jssr.1124156 · Cited by 1
Predicting the Risk of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Staff Based on the Components of Depression and Death Anxiety
Izadi, F., & Farokhzad, P. (2022) · Journal of Research and Health · doi:10.32598/jrh.12.5.2030.1 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 Related Mental Health Effects in the Workplace: A Case of Fast-food Industry in Malaysia
Ghazali, H. B., Rahim, N. Z. B. A., Ismail, N. A., Othman, M. A. R. B., & Ishak, M. (2023) · International Journal of Human Resource Studies · doi:10.5296/ijhrs.v13i1.20441 · Cited by 1
Estudio exploratorio sobre la ansiedad por la salud en universitarios colombianos durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 en el segundo semestre del 2020
Quirama, T. C., Restrepo, J. E., & Cruz, R. Z. (2022) · Revista Médicas UIS · doi:10.18273/revmed.v35n3-2022005 · Cited by 1
Investigation of Trait Anxiety and Death Anxiety Experienced in the Covid 19 Pandemic in Terms of Physical Activity Status
Bedir, D., & NAMLI, S. (2023) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.06.01.720 · Cited by 1
When COVID-19 strikes mental health: a measurement analysis of reassurance seeking behavior scale in Peruvian population
Millones, D. L. M., García-Serna, J., Castillo-Blanco, R., Fernández-Ríos, N., Aguinaga, D. A. L., Quinde, G. R. P., & Villarreal‐Zegarra, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1132804 · Cited by 1
Relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health in pregnant women
Moghaddam, H. Y., Karimi, F. Z., Jesmani, E., & Abdollahi, M. (2023) · Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.36129/jog.2023.119 · Cited by 1
“The direct effect of the fear of COVID-19 on health anxiety is consistent with the studies of Lee et al. (2020) [24] and Ahorso et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The role of experiential avoidance with the mediation of distress tolerance in predicting corona anxiety in the period of covid-19 outbreak: structural equation model
Bagheri, M., Esmaeili, A. T., Farzad, V., Abdollahi, M. H., & Raiisi, F. (2023) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.32598/shenakht.10.1.116 · Cited by 1
Coronaphobia among healthcare professionals and its associations with sleep quality, physical activity, and fatigue in Turkey
Dongaz, Ö. İ., Oruk, D. Ö., Güp, A. A., Koç, M., Bayar, B., & Bayar, K. (2023) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2023.2210392 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with death anxiety and nurses’ preparedness to care for the dying patients with COVID-19
Alrafati, S. A., Zeilani, R., & Othman, E. H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04758-z · Cited by 1
“Death anxiety can result in job burnout, decreased work productivity, frequent absences, lower patient satisfaction, and higher turnover (Farhadi et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2020).”
Anxiety-associated factors among employees with different personality profiles: a cross-sectional study in China
Hao, R., Zuo, J., Jin, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Qi, Y., Qi, J., Xia, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1043339 · Cited by 1
Covid-19 Korkusu ve Sağlık Anksiyetesinin Duygusal Yeme Davranışı Üzerine Etkisi (The Effect of Covid-19 Fear and Health Anxiety on Emotional Eating Behavior)
Şarlak, D., & Aslantaş, Y. (2023) · Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi · doi:10.26677/tr1010.2023.1253 · Cited by 2
Immobilized laccases on modified magnetic nanoparticles for degradation of common psychiatric drugs used during COVID-19 pandemic
Martínez, S. A. H. (2023) · LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (LACCEI) · doi:10.18687/laccei2023.1.1.1651 · Cited by 1
Corona phobia among nurses: A narrative review
Gholampour, M. H., Zamani, F., Rashti, S. B., Hajehforoush, N.-S., Dadkhah-Tehrani, M., Zare‐Kaseb, A., & Nazari, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Reports in Clinical Practice · doi:10.32598/jnrcp.23.41 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 anxiety, COVID-19 media exposure, and knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19: A literature review
Windriyoningrum, A., & Sawitri, B. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.3.1828 · Cited by 1
“There are various indicators that someone is having COVID-19-related anxiety, according to Lee's COVID-19-related anxiety scale [4]:  Reading about the coronavirus makes one feel lightheaded and as like they are going to pass out.”
Influential
Coronaphobia, Job Satisfaction, and Languishing Levels of Intensive Care Nurses: A Cross-sectional and Correlational Study
Bulut, A., Yılmaz, E. B., & Yüksel, A. (2023) · Türk yoğun bakım derneği dergisi/Türk yoğun bakım dergisi · doi:10.4274/tybd.galenos.2023.60252 · Cited by 1
Sensorized Robotic Hugs with CASTOR Robot: Evaluation of Two Methods to Control Hug Physical-Interaction
Gaitán-Padilla, M., Maldonado-Mejía, J. C., Múnera, M., Díaz, C. A. R., Pontes, M. J., Segatto, M. E. V., Monteiro, M. E., & Cifuentes, C. A. (2024) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49407-9_64 · Cited by 1
Sentimental Analysis on Twitter data using Deep Learning
Brindha, V., Shanthi, S., Bhavishya, C., Durgashree, V., Devi, K. N., & Jaganathan, P. (2024) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications Theme: Healthcare and Internet of Things (AIMLA) · doi:10.1109/aimla59606.2024.10531618 · Cited by 1
Everyday Life in Great Britain and Poland During the Covid-19 Pandemic and Brexit
Dziekońska, M., & Winiecka, K. (2024) · Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny · doi:10.4467/25444972smpp.24.003.19601 · Cited by 1
Health beliefs about COVID-19: Instrument for assessment and expression of beliefs
Živković, T., Stanojević, D. Z., & Radović, O. (2021) · Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini · doi:10.5937/zrffp51-29837 · Cited by 1
Review on Anxiety Disorders During Covid-19 Pandemic:
Gilla, D., Ahammed, J., Akhila, A. L., & Sreelakshmy, S. R. (2021) · International Journal of High Dilution Research · doi:10.51910/ijhdr.v20i2-3.1066 · Cited by 1
“, fear of Coronavirus disease, is a relatively new pandemic-related construct that is strongly related to functional impairment and psychological distress [5].”
Background
Obsessive-compulsive disorder during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (case report)
Тювина, Н. А., Maksimova, T. N., Прохорова, С. В., & Vysokova, V. O. (2021) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2021-5-134-139 · Cited by 1
An Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of the Face Mask Use Scale's Korean Version among Community-Dwelling Adults
Lee, K., Shin, N., & Kang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.21111 · Cited by 1
Impacto da pandemia COVID-19 no tratamento de pacientes oncológicos e suas consequências psicológicas
Mendes, T. B. B., Araújo, J. V. S., Botelho, T. A., Nascimento, M. R. A., Pessoa, I. M. D. S., Viana, G. S., de Sousa, Y. B., de Oliveira, R. S., de Assis, P. C., & Pinheiro, F. D. (2021) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e9341.2021 · Cited by 1
Does fear mediate the neuroticism-psychopathology link for adults living through the COVID-19 pandemic?
Lee, S. A., & Jobe, M. C. (2022) · Clinical Medicine Insights: Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/11795573211069912
“Accordingly, research during this pandemic has shown that both death anxiety and coronavirus anxiety are both positively correlated with depression and generalized anxiety.(8,9) Moreover, past(7) and current research(3,10) has shown that neuroticism is strongly tied to pandemic-related fears and psychopathology.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
O choque da Covid-19: Teremos um transtorno da década?
de Santana, A. N., & Roazzi, A. (2022) · Psicologia - Teoria e Prática · doi:10.5935/1980-6906/eptpcp13893.pt · Cited by 1
Covid-19 shock: Will we have a disorder of the decade?
de Santana, A. N., & Roazzi, A. (2022) · Psicologia - Teoria e Prática · doi:10.5935/1980-6906/eptpcp13893.en
“…due to its greater probability of happening, dismantling the defenses that human beings have built over time against it and that prevent them from reaching a fundamental understanding of the meaning of life itself with death (Lee et al., 2020; Pyszczynski et al., 2020; Yildirim & Güler, 2021).”
Coronavirus-19 phobia and health literacy in adults: A descriptive-correlational study
İster, E. D., & Taş, F. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine of Kazakhstan · doi:10.23950/jcmk/12260 · Cited by 1
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale in Iranian College Students
Rostami, H., Behrouzian, F., & Asl, E. M. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.28.3.2146.2 · Cited by 1

Authors: Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A.
Affiliations: Christopher Newport University (US)
Corresponding author: Lee, Sherman A.
ORCID: Lee, Sherman A.
Jobe, Mary C.
Gibbons, Jeffrey A.
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-08
Volume: 74
Pages: 102268
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
PMC: PMC7328548
OpenAlex: W3039080593
Cited by: 392
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 32
FWCI: 31.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
Keywords: fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 pandemic, incremental validity, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, fear of death, psychological distress, pandemic stress, health anxiety, reassurance seeking, neuroticism, healthcare workers
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Fear, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks