Developing an automated VR cognitive treatment for psychosis: gameChange VR therapy
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A large, ongoing randomized controlled trial of automated VR-CBT for anxious avoidance of social situations among patients with psychosis is underway.
“Recent advances in this field include a large, ongoing randomized controlled trial of automated VR-CBT for anxious avoidance of social situations among patients with psychosis (Freeman et al. 2019;Lambe et al. 2020).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Lambe et al. 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006 · Cited by 2,339 · see citing works
Virtual Reality in the Assessment, Understanding, and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700040x · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works
Self-citationHjorthøj, C., Stürup, A. E., McGrath, J. J., & Nordentoft, M. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30078-0 · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22728 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them
Clark, D. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00048-0 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
User‐centered design for psychosocial intervention development and implementation.
Lyon, A. R., & Koerner, K. (2016) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12154 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Freeman, D., Haselton, P., Freeman, J., Spanlang, B., Kishore, S., Albery, E., Denne, M., Brown, P., Slater, M., & Nickless, A. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30226-8 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeman, D., Dunn, G., Startup, H., Pugh, K., Cordwell, J., Mander, H., Černis, E., Wingham, G., Shirvell, K., & Kingdon, D. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00039-5 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationHow sedentary are people with psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Stubbs, B., Williams, J., Gaughran, F., & Craig, T. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.034 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Freeman, D. H., Bradley, J., Antley, A., Bourke, E., DeWeever, N., Evans, N., Černis, E., Sheaves, B., Waite, F., Dunn, G., et al. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.176438 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationPot-Kolder, R. M. C. A., Geraets, C. N. W., Veling, W., van Beilen, M., Staring, A. B. P., Gijsman, H. J., Delespaul, P. A. E. G., & van der Gaag, M. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30053-1 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Testing the continuum of delusional beliefs: An experimental study using virtual reality.
Freeman, D. H., Pugh, K., Vorontsova, N., Antley, A., & Slater, M. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017514 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationMartens, M., Antley, A., Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Harrison, P. J., & Tunbridge, E. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119860156 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationCan Virtual Reality be Used to Investigate Persecutory Ideation?
Freeman, D. H., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Met, A., Read, C. M., Jordan, J., & Vinayagamoorthy, V. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000082212.83842.fe · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatable clinical intervention targets for patients with schizophrenia
Freeman, D., Taylor, K. M., Molodynski, A., & Waite, F. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.016 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeman, D. H., Lister, R., Waite, F., Yu, L., Slater, M., Dunn, G., & Clark, D. M. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3198-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeman, D., Yu, L.-M., Kabir, T., Martin, J., Craven, M., Leal, J., Lambe, S., Brown, S., Morrison, A., Chapman, K., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031606 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Freeman, D. H., Lambe, S., Kabir, T., Petit, A., Rosebrock, L. E., Yu, L., Dudley, R. E. J., Chapman, K., Morrison, A. P., O’Regan, E., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00060-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationBetter, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Halldorsson, B., Hill, C., Waite, P., Partridge, K., Freeman, D., & Creswell, C. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13400 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“For example, reducing reliance on therapist delivery can reduce health care costs (Lambe et al., 2020), and standardized treatment approaches can be effectively disseminated by making sure that key ‘treatment ingredients’ are built in and always delivered (Farrell et al., 2020; Lambe et al., 2020).”
Self-citationChung, O. S., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.791123 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects
Freeman, D. H., Rosebrock, L. E., Waite, F., Loe, B. S., Kabir, T., Petit, A., Dudley, R. E. J., Chapman, K., Morrison, A. P., O’Regan, E., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001167 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital Technologies for Innovative Mental Health Rehabilitation
Lopes, R. P., Barroso, B., Deusdado, L. D., Novo, A., Guimarães, M., Teixeira, J. P., & Leitão, P. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10182260 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Smith, K., Hardy, A., Vinnikova, A., Blease, C., Milligan, L., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Lambe, S., Marzano, L., Uhlhaas, P. J., Ostinelli, E. G., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/57155 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationRiches, S., Pisani, S., Bird, L., Rus‐Calafell, M., Garety, P. A., & Valmaggia, L. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1918648 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Schouten, S. E., Kip, H., Dekkers, T., Deenik, J., Beerlage-de Jong, N., Ludden, G. D. S., & Kelders, S. M. (2022) · Design for Health · doi:10.1080/24735132.2022.2145814 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Brown, P., Waite, F., Lambe, S., Jones, J., Jenner, L., Diamond, R., & Freeman, D. H. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/34225 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSerious Games Supported by Virtual Reality—Literature Review
Damianova, N., & Berrezueta-Guzmán, J. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3544022 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Participatory design to create a VR therapy for psychosis
Knight, I., West, J., Matthews, E., Kabir, T., Lambe, S., Waite, F., & Freeman, D. H. (2021) · Design for Health · doi:10.1080/24735132.2021.1885889 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationYu, L., Ge, Y., Ansari, S., Imran, M. A., & Ahmad, W. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25154763 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Safe Place to Learn: Peer Research Qualitative Investigation of gameChange Virtual Reality Therapy
Bond, J., Kenny, A., Pinfold, V., Couperthwaite, L. M. Z., Panel, T. G. L. E. A., Kabir, T., Larkin, M., Beckley, A., Rosebrock, L. E., Lambe, S., et al. (2023) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/38065 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeman, D. H., Lambe, S., Galal, U., Yu, L., Kabir, T., Petit, A., Rosebrock, L. E., Dudley, R. E. J., Chapman, K., Morrison, A. P., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.10.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLindner, P., Dafgård, P., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645273 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Brown, P., Waite, F., Lambe, S., Rosebrock, L. E., & Freeman, D. H. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/20300 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital health interventions for schizophrenia: Setting standards for mental health
Torous, J. B., Smith, K., Hardy, A., Vinnikova, A., Blease, C., Milligan, L., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Lambe, S., Marzano, L., Uhlhaas, P. J., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.04.013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBond, J., Robotham, D., Kenny, A., Pinfold, V., Kabir, T., Andleeb, H., Larkin, M., Martin, J. L., Brown, S., Bergin, A., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/31742 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationApplication of Immersive VR Serious Games in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms
Miranda, B., Rego, P. A., Romero, L., & Moreira, P. M. (2024) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers13020042 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, B., & Su, W. (2021) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-020-06312-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Miranda, B., Moreira, P. M., Romero, L., & Rego, P. A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10081497 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rosebrock, L. E., Freeman, J., Rovira, A., Miguel, A. L., Ward, R., Bousfield, M., Riffiod, L., Kamvar, R., Kabir, T., Waite, F., et al. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/51512 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvancing Mental Health with Immersive Virtual Reality: Benefits, Challenges, and Emerging Trends
Gkoumas, C., Bourikas, L., Mantadelis, T., & Karakasidou, E. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct64951.2024.00064 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
EmoVR: Guiding and Visualizing Emotions in Virtual Reality Therapy for Mental Health
Chen, Y., Ye, C., Jiang, Z., Li, J., Wang, Y., Ma, T., & Xu, N. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) · doi:10.1109/ismar-adjunct64951.2024.00065 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Khatri, H. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3647963 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pardini, S., Kim, S. J., de Jesus, B., Lopes, M. K. S., Leggett, K., Falk, T. H., Smith, C. E., & Appel, L. (2024) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2024-002769 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mapping the Research Landscape of Virtual Coaches: What Is to Come?
Korn, F., Karger, E., & Ahlemann, F. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581440 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Virtual Humans in Virtual Reality Mental Health Research: Systematic Review
Wei, S., Freeman, D. H., & Rovira, A. (2025) · JMIR XR and spatial computing. · doi:10.2196/75087 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDo People Matter? Presence and Prosocial Decision-making in Virtual Reality
Shu, W., & Bramwell-Dicks, A. (2022) · Electronic Workshops in Computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2022.30 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Girardi, A., Higham, L., Fatima, S., Webb, E. L., Snyman, P., Wallang, P. M., & Breen, K. C. (2024) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-01-2024-0004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chung, O. S., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893637 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Danilova, S. B., & Yefimov, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99877-6_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Seierstad, A., Schjøtt-Pedersen, O., Berentzen, L., Bull, H. C., Freeman, D. H., Gardsjord, E. S., Gjerstad, C. L., Lambe, S., Røssberg, J. I., & Lystad, J. U. (2026) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2026.2693804 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationImmersive Virtual Reality Serious Games for Schizophrenia Negative Symptomatology
Miranda, B., Rego, P. A., Romero, L., & Moreira, P. M. (2023) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah57547.2023.10253777 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Customized VR Rendering with Neural-Network Generated Frames for Reducing VR Dizziness
Zhang, Z., Lu, J., & Ochiai, Y. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78642-7_51
VR-Assisted Healing: VR CONTENT Creation Cuts through the Psychological Healing Process
Yu, A., Zhang, C., Huang, J., & Yi, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Virtual Reality · doi:10.1109/icvr57957.2023.10169380
Virtuell virkelighet, virkelig mestring: Virtual Reality som verktøy i behandling av psykoselidelser
Gjerstad, C. L., Schjøtt-Pedersen, O., Seierstad, A., Røssberg, J. I., Bull, H., Berentzen, L., & Lystad, J. U. (2024) · Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening · doi:10.52734/mxmi5408
Wicaksana, G. B. A., Linggasani, M. A. W., & Kotama, I. N. D. (2024) · Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat · doi:10.30737/jaim.v8i1.6182
Virtual Humans in Virtual Reality Mental Health Research: Systematic Review (Preprint)Preprint
Wei, S., Freeman, D. H., & Rovira, A. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.75087
Self-citationFreeman, D. H., Jones, J., Prouten, E., Sainsbury, J., Morrison, A. P., Chapman, K., Cousins, E., Altoft, V. L., Peel, H., Kabir, T., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104636
Self-citationReddy, D. U., Kanaparthi, V. P. K., Bandaru, R., & Umaiorubagam, G. S. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2025.100556
Hampshire, C., Dack, C., Daryan, S., Fialho, C., Taher, R., Teale, A., Yiend, J., & Jacobsen, P. C. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.88032
Hampshire, C., Dack, C., Daryan, S., Fialho, C., Taher, R., Teale, A., Yiend, J., & Jacobsen, P. C. (2026) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/88032
Therapy Island: Translating Worksheet-Based CBT Micro-Skills into Therapist-Mediated Virtual Reality
Bhatnagar, S., Chung, C.-F., & Jung, H.-T. (2026) · ACM Interactive Health Conference · doi:10.1145/3786579.3804945
Freeman, D. H., Freeman, J., Farmer, E., Turner, H. S., Ward, R., Miguel, A. L., Bousfield, M., Myrick, J., Rovira, A., McShane, H., et al. (2026) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2026.104038
Self-citationSeierstad, A., Bull, H. C., Brevik, P., Bryn, K., Yasmin, H., Løvgren, A., Røssberg, J. I., & Lystad, J. U. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1898848
Gant, T., Taylor, K. M., Ward, T., Garety, P., & Hardy, A. (2026) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2026.101013
- Authors
- Lambe, S., Knight, I., Kabir, T., West, J., Patel, R., Lister, R., Rosebrock, L., Rovira, A., Garnish, B., Freeman, J., M. Clark, D., Waite, F., & Freeman, D.
- Affiliations
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Royal College of Art (GB)
- McPin Foundation (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lambe, Sinéad
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-40
- ISSN
- 2589-9791 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3025492705
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Archive of research processes and output produced by RCA (Royal College of Art) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NHS National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) invention for innovation (i4i) programme (Project II-C7-0117-20001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- virtual reality therapy, psychosis, cognitive therapy, social anxiety, avoidance, safety-seeking behavior, virtual coach, person-centered design, lived experience of psychosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
