Alternative Sources of Natural Pigments for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Algae, Cyanobacteria, Bacteria, Archaea and Fungi
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells have been of great interest in photovoltaic technology due to their capacity to convert energy at a low cost. The use of natural pigments means replacing expensive chemical synthesis processes by easily extractable pigments that are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Although most of the pigments used for this purpose are obtained from higher plants, there are potential alternative sources that have been underexploited and have shown encouraging results, since pigments can also be obtained from organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, yeast, and molds, which have the potential of being cultivated in bioreactors or optimized by biotechnological processes. The aforementioned organisms are sources of diverse sensitizers like photosynthetic pigments, accessory pigments, and secondary metabolites such as chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. Moreover, retinal proteins, photosystems, and reaction centers from these organisms can also act as sensitizers. In this review, the use of natural sensitizers extracted from algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, and fungi is assessed. The reported photoconversion efficiencies vary from 0.001 % to 4.6 % for sensitizers extracted from algae and microalgae, 0.004 to 1.67 % for bacterial sensitizers, 0.07-0.23 % for cyanobacteria, 0.09 to 0.049 % for archaea and 0.26-2.3 % for pigments from fungi.
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The high cost of producing biofuels and bioenergy from microalgae still poses a barrier in the efficient development of this sector.
“The high cost of producing biofuels and bioenergy from microalgae still poses a barrier in the efficient development of this sector [151,172,174,176].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [151]
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“…potential to be used as natural sensitizers in DSSC. Fungal pigments are known for their wide pH and temperature stability, and despite the fact that they do not possess light-harvesting functions, a thorough analysis of structure and anchoring groups can provide some favorable pigment choices 20 .”
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“OronaNavar et al [26] tested the pigments from algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea and fungi as sensitizer inDSSC instead of dye fromvarious parts of the plants.”
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“The natural dyes can be obtained from plants such as fruit, flowers, roots, and leaves (Abdel-latif et al., 2015; Al-Alwani et al., 2017; Madnasri & Ati, 2021; Prakash & Janarthanan, 2023) or algae and bacteria (Orona-Navar et al., 2021).”
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“…cyanobacteria have been studied for various other applications including bio-hydrogen production, point-of-care devices, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), and wastewater treatment (Shing et al. 2013; Sood et al. 2015; Sadvakasova et al. 2020; Liu and Choi 2021; Orona-Navar et al. 2021).”
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“The microfractures could also have acted as light traps, improved the capture of incident light, and contributed to higher conversion efficiency [24].”
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Microbial Colorants in Technological Advancements
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Experimental Results for Mushroom-Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
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“The following is the photoelectrochemical behavior: 0.057% PCE, 0.686 mA/cm 2 for J sc , and 0.289 V for V oc [31].”
InfluentialTextile coloring with Indonesian tropical plants
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Fungal-Derived Ceramides for the Cosmetics Industry
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Microbial Screening for Solar Energy Suppliers Production via Fermentation Processes
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“For instance, the efficiencies values reached in previous studies reported in literature, were ranging from 0.033 % using canthaxantin [9], 0.11 % using PPO [6], up to 0.16 % using bacterioruberin and bacteriorhodopsin [10] simultaneously.”
InfluentialPhenoxazine-Type Pigments from Pycnoporus sanguineus as ZnTiO3/TiO2 Sensitizers for DSSCs
Jaramillo-Fierro, X., Aguilar, E., Ramón, J., & Cruz, D. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31183310
“…microbial sources like fungi remain relatively unexplored despite their favorable attributes, such as controllable and substrate-independent cultivation, diverse and often more photostable chromophore chemistry, and pigment yields independent of seasonal or agricultural limitations [21,22].”
Influential
- Authors
- Orona-Navar, A., Aguilar-Hernández, I., Nigam, K. D. P., Cerdán-Pasarán, A., & Ornelas-Soto, N.
- Affiliations
- Tecnológico de Monterrey (MX)
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Aguilar-Hernández, I.
- Venue
- Journal of Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 332
- Pages
- 29-53
- ISSN
- 0168-1656 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3136896775
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (492274, PN2016-4320)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dye-sensitized solar cells, natural pigments, photosensitizers, microalgae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, fungi, chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, retinal proteins, photosystem, reaction center, secondary metabolites, photoelectric conversion efficiency, bioreactors
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Archaea, Carotenoids, Fungi, Plants
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