Cited by 994Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesDigital Mental Health Interventions

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Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis

Parsons, Thomas D., Rizzo, Albert A.·2008·Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007

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Abstract

Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an increasingly common treatment for anxiety and specific phobias. Lacking is a quantitative meta-analysis that enhances understanding of the variability and clinical significance of anxiety reduction outcomes after VRET. Searches of electronic databases yielded 52 studies, and of these, 21 studies (300 subjects) met inclusion criteria. Although meta-analysis revealed large declines in anxiety symptoms following VRET, moderator analyses were limited due to inconsistent reporting in the VRET literature. This highlights the need for future research studies that report uniform and detailed information regarding presence, immersion, anxiety and/or phobia duration, and demographics.

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Authors: Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Parsons, Thomas D.
ORCID: Parsons, Thomas D.
Rizzo, Albert A.
Venue: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-09
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Pages: 250-261
ISSN: 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007
OpenAlex: W2080509533
Cited by: 994
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 3.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Keywords: virtual reality exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, specific phobia, anxiety reduction, treatment outcomes, presence, immersion
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Forecasting, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Phobic Disorders, Research Design, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome, Sample Size

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Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis

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