The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis
Abstract
Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an increasingly common treatment for anxiety and specific phobias. Lacking is a quantitative meta-analysis that enhances understanding of the variability and clinical significance of anxiety reduction outcomes after VRET. Searches of electronic databases yielded 52 studies, and of these, 21 studies (300 subjects) met inclusion criteria. Although meta-analysis revealed large declines in anxiety symptoms following VRET, moderator analyses were limited due to inconsistent reporting in the VRET literature. This highlights the need for future research studies that report uniform and detailed information regarding presence, immersion, anxiety and/or phobia duration, and demographics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The heterogenicity of designs leads to inconsistent quantitative data gathering, making it impossible to achieve higher hierarchical evidence-based conclusions through systematic reviews and meta-analysis [135].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [135]
In the citing paper
“it has shown its efficacy for treating specific phobias (including FP) in several studies (Botella et al., 2017; Parsons and Rizzo, 2008)”
From An Internet-based treatment for Flying Phobia using 360° images: Study protocol for a feasibility pilot study (2021) · cites this paper as Parsons and Rizzo, 2008
In the citing paper
“The aim of in vivo exposure treatment is to promote emotional regulation using systematic and controlled therapeutic exposure to traumatic stimuli [191].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [191]
In the citing paper
“This is especially impressive given that both groups received an active psychotherapy with documented efficacy for the treatment of terrorist-related chronic PTSD (Difede et al, 2007; Parsons and Rizzo, 2008).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Parsons and Rizzo, 2008
In the citing paper
“As in previous meta-analyses [9,10], the results further confirm VRET's potential in treating these problems.”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,840
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2005, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy
Bohil, C. J., Alicea, B., & Biocca, F. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3122 · Cited by 1,108
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090
“Exposure-based treatments All specific phobias [57,311,312]”
BackgroundDiemer, J., Alpers, G. W., Peperkorn, H. M., Shiban, Y., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026 · Cited by 959
Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889
The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders
Maples-Keller, J. L., Bunnell, B. E., Kim, S.-J., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000138 · Cited by 862
“…treatment research has been conducted for anxiety disorders, and broadly, results suggest the VRE is related to large declines in anxiety symptoms, 12 demonstrates similar efficacy compared to traditional exposure interventions, has a powerful real-life impact, and demonstrates good stability of…”
ResultDefining Internet-Supported Therapeutic Interventions
Barak, A., Klein, B., & Proudfoot, J. G. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9130-7 · Cited by 731
Parsons, T. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00660 · Cited by 837
Self-citationVirtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20910 · Cited by 636
Neuroscience of virtual reality: from virtual exposure to embodied medicine
Riva, G., Wiederhold, B. K., & Mantovani, F. (2019) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.29099.gri · Cited by 608
Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review
Botella, C., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Guillén, V., García-Palacios, A., & Baños, R. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0788-4 · Cited by 460
Morina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010 · Cited by 439
Virtual reality in cognitive and motor rehabilitation: facts, fiction and fallacies
Tieri, G., Morone, G., Paolucci, S., & Iosa, M. (2018) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2018.1425613 · Cited by 483
Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medicine.
Li, L., Yu, F., Shi, D., Shi, J., Tian, Z., Yang, J., Wang, X., & Jiang, Q. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 439
Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of VR-Technology
Madary, M., & Metzinger, T. K. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00003 · Cited by 435
Riva, G., Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Mantovani, F., & Gaggioli, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00164 · Cited by 425
Fox, J., Arena, D., & Bailenson, J. N. (2009) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105.21.3.95 · Cited by 406
Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Anderson, P. L., Price, M., Edwards, S. M., Obasaju, M. A., Schmertz, S. K., Zimand, E., & Calamaras, M. R. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033559 · Cited by 371
Chittaro, L., & Buttussi, F. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2015.2391853 · Cited by 373
Birckhead, B., Khalil, C., Liu, X., Conovitz, S., Rizzo, A., Danovitch, I., Bullock, K., & Spiegel, B. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11973 · Cited by 372
Self-citationIs clinical virtual reality ready for primetime?
Rizzo, A. “., & Koenig, S. T. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000405 · Cited by 372
Self-citationGupta, A., Scott, K., & Dukewich, M. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx109 · Cited by 341
Baniasadi, T., Ayyoubzadeh, S. M., & Mohammadzadeh, N. (2020) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2020.43 · Cited by 338
Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20734 · Cited by 290
Wechsler, T. F., Kümpers, F., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01758 · Cited by 282
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review
Gonçalves, R., Pedrozo, A. L., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I. L. D. V., & Ventura, P. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048469 · Cited by 263
Virtual Reality Clinical Research: Promises and Challenges
Garrett, B., Taverner, T., Gromala, D., Tao, G., Cordingley, E., & Sun, C. (2018) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/10839 · Cited by 265
Virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a meta-analysis
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Van Eickels, R. L., Plener, P. L., & Felnhofer, A. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1654782 · Cited by 246
Boeldt, D., McMahon, E., McFaul, M., & Greenleaf, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00773 · Cited by 242
“Meta-analyses demonstrate a large effect size compared to a control or waitlist condition, and no significant difference in effect size or attrition rates when compared to the gold standard of in vivo exposure therapy (9, 36–39).”
BackgroundResultClinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD
Rizzo, A. ‘., & Shilling, R. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1414560 · Cited by 241
Self-citationIoannou, A., Papastavrou, E., Avraamides, M. N., & Charalambous, A. (2020) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/2377960820936163 · Cited by 241
A meta-analysis of virtual reality training programs for social skill development
Howard, M. C., & Gutworth, M. B. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103707 · Cited by 234
Pallavicini, F., Pepe, A., & Minissi, M. E. (2019) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878119831420 · Cited by 257
Kampmann, I. L., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Hartanto, D., Brinkman, W.-P., Zijlstra, B. J. H., & Morina, N. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.016 · Cited by 226
Cukor, J., Spitalnick, J. S., Difede, J., Rizzo, A., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.001 · Cited by 251
Self-citationBotella, C., Serrano, B., baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s89542 · Cited by 223
Reger, G. M., Koenen-Woods, P., Zetocha, K., Smolenski, D. J., Holloway, K. M., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J., Rizzo, A. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Skopp, N. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000134 · Cited by 226
Self-citationZeng, N., Pope, Z., Lee, J., & Gao, Z. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7030042 · Cited by 224
Emerging Applications of Virtual Reality in Cardiovascular Medicine
Silva, J. N. A., Southworth, M. K., Raptis, C. A., & Silva, J. R. (2018) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.11.009 · Cited by 222
Ling, Y., Nefs, H. T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., & Brinkman, W.-P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096144 · Cited by 215
“The references from recent metaanalyses, and systematic reviews on virtual reality exposure therapy [7–10,29–36] were further screened for potentially relevant publications.”
Difede, J., Cukor, J., Wyka, K., Olden, M., Hoffman, H., Lee, F. S., & Altemus, M. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.317 · Cited by 212
Shi, Y., Du, J., Ahn, C. R., & Ragan, E. D. (2019) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2019.04.015 · Cited by 207
Designing informed game-based rehabilitation tasks leveraging advances in virtual reality
Lange, B. S., Koenig, S. T., Chang, C., McConnell, E., Suma, E. A., Bolas, M. T., & Rizzo, A. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.670029 · Cited by 210
Self-citationBaumgärtner, T. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.008.2008 · Cited by 224
Virtual morality: Emotion and action in a simulated three-dimensional “trolley problem”.
Navarrete, C. D., McDonald, M. M., Mott, M. L., & Asher, B. D. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025561 · Cited by 221
Distractibility in Attention/Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Virtual Reality Classroom
Adams, R., Finn, P., Moes, E. J., Flannery, K. A., & Rizzo, A. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802169077 · Cited by 200
Self-citationVirtual reality measures in neuropsychological assessment: a meta-analytic review
Voinescu, A., Matu, S. A., Sava, F. A., & David, D. O. (2016) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1144793 · Cited by 217
Li, B. J., Bailenson, J. N., Pines, A. R., Greenleaf, W. J., & Williams, L. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02116 · Cited by 199
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Powers, M. B., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1280843 · Cited by 187
Virtual Reality-Enhanced Extinction of Phobias and Post-Traumatic Stress
Maples‐Keller, J. L., Yasinski, C. W., Manjin, N., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0534-y · Cited by 190
Price, M., Mehta, N., Tone, E. B., & Anderson, P. L. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.004 · Cited by 187
Garrett, B., Taverner, T., Masinde, W., Gromala, D., Shaw, C., & Negraeff, M. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000064 · Cited by 197
Donker, T., Cornelisz, I., van Klaveren, C., van Straten, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., & van Gelder, J.-L. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0219 · Cited by 187
Rizzo, A. “., Difede, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Reger, G., Spitalnick, J., Cukor, J., & Mclay, R. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05755.x · Cited by 185
Self-citationImmersive virtual reality health games: a narrative review of game design
Tao, G., Garrett, B., Taverner, T., Cordingley, E., & Sun, C. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-020-00801-3 · Cited by 201
Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder
Kampmann, I. L., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Morina, N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.007 · Cited by 180
Ferrer‐García, M., & Gutiérrez‐Maldonado, J. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.001 · Cited by 192
Zhong, W., Luo, J., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.057 · Cited by 224
Virtual Reality Goes to War: A Brief Review of the Future of Military Behavioral Healthcare
Rizzo, A., Parsons, T. D., Lange, B. S., Kenny, P. G., Buckwalter, J. G., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Difede, J., Frazier, J. R., Newman, B., Williams, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-011-9247-2 · Cited by 182
Self-citationTreating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.07.002 · Cited by 173
The Ethics of Virtual Reality Technology: Social Hazards and Public Policy Recommendations
Spiegel, J. S. (2018) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9979-y · Cited by 168
Gaggioli, A., Pallavicini, F., Morganti, L., Serino, S., Scaratti, C., Briguglio, M., Crifaci, G., Vetrano, N., Giulintano, A., Bernava, G., et al. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3235 · Cited by 164
Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional responses
Kim, K. K., Rosenthal, M. Z., Zielinski, D. J., & Brady, R. B. (2014) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.12.024 · Cited by 178
Towards an unconscious neural reinforcement intervention for common fears
Taschereau-Dumouchel, V., Cortese, A., Chiba, T., Knotts, J. D., Kawato, M., & Lau, H. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721572115 · Cited by 153
The internet as a mental health advisor in Germany—results of a national survey
Eichenberg, C., Wolters, C., & Brähler, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079206 · Cited by 157
Lin, J. T. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.057 · Cited by 158
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders
Gerardi, M., Cukor, J., Difede, J., Rizzo, A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0128-4 · Cited by 154
Self-citationMiloff, A., Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Deak, S., Garke, M., Hamilton, W., Heinsoo, J., Kristoffersson, G., Rafi, J., Sindemark, K., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.004 · Cited by 155
Can fear extinction be enhanced? A review of pharmacological and behavioral findings
Fitzgerald, P. J., Seemann, J. R., & Maren, S. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.007 · Cited by 167
The Assessment of Visual Function and Functional Vision
Bennett, C. R., Bex, P. J., Bauer, C. M., & Merabet, L. B. (2019) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2019.05.006 · Cited by 151
Darnall, B. D., Krishnamurthy, P., Tsuei, J., & Minor, J. D. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/17293 · Cited by 162
Augmented Reality: A Brand New Challenge for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Giglioli, I. A. C., Pallavicini, F., Pedroli, E., Serino, S., & Riva, G. (2015) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/862942 · Cited by 150
Visualizing ideal self vs. actual self through avatars: Impact on preventive health outcomes
Kim, Y., & Sundar, S. S. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.021 · Cited by 151
Wu, D., Courtney, C. G., Lance, B. J., Narayanan, S. S., Dawson, M. E., Oie, K. S., & Parsons, T. D. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/t-affc.2010.12 · Cited by 151
Self-citationNg, Y.-L., Ma, F., Ho, F. K. W., Ip, P., & Fu, K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.026 · Cited by 161
Effects of using mobile-based virtual reality on Chinese L2 students’ oral proficiency
Xie, Y., Chen, Y., & Ryder, L. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2019.1604551 · Cited by 148
Burke, S. L., Bresnahan, T., Li, T., Epnere, K., Rizzo, A., Partin, M. H., Ahlness, R. M., & Trimmer, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3374-z · Cited by 147
Self-citationReger, G. M., Holloway, K. M., Candy, C., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J., Rizzo, A. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20574 · Cited by 188
Self-citationJelić, A., Tieri, G., Matteis, F. D., Babiloni, F., & Vecchiato, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00481 · Cited by 169
Virtual Reality Aided Therapy towards Health 4.0: A Two-Decade Bibliometric Analysis
Liu, Z., Ren, L., Xiao, C., Zhang, K., & Demian, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031525 · Cited by 142
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., García-Palacios, A., Zaragozá, I., & Alcañíz, M. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.043 · Cited by 152
Overview: Virtual Reality in Medicine
Pensieri, C., & Pennacchini, M. (2014) · Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · doi:10.4101/jvwr.v7i1.6364 · Cited by 140
User-Centered Virtual Reality for Promoting Relaxation: An Innovative Approach
Pizzoli, S. F. M., Mazzocco, K., Triberti, S., Monzani, D., Alcañíz, M., & Pravettoni, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00479 · Cited by 148
McCann, R. A., Armstrong, C. M., Skopp, N. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Smolenski, D. J., June, J. D., Metzger-Abamukong, M., & Reger, G. M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.010 · Cited by 134
Parsons, T. D., Carlew, A. R., Magtoto, J., & Stonecipher, K. (2015) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1109524 · Cited by 150
Self-citationMind the Gap: The Underrepresentation of Female Participants and Authors in Virtual Reality Research
Peck, T. C., Sockol, L. E., & Hancock, S. P. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.2973498 · Cited by 137
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD
Rizzo, A., Reger, G., Gahm, G., Difede, J., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-329-9_18 · Cited by 137
Self-citationEvidence on Virtual Reality-Based Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Luigi, M., & Dumais, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20889 · Cited by 135
Noury, P. L., Polman, R. C. J., Maloney, M. A., & Gorman, A. D. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01669-0 · Cited by 145
Meta-analysis of the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety
Chesham, R. K., Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2018) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2018.15 · Cited by 135
Bryant, L., Brunner, M., & Hemsley, B. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2018.1549276 · Cited by 131
Causal interactive links between presence and fear in virtual reality height exposure
Gromer, D., Reinke, M., Christner, I., & Pauli, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00141 · Cited by 127
Mobile and other applications for mental imagery to improve learning disabilities and mental health
Drigas, A. S., Dede, D. E., & Dedes, S. (2020) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3987533 · Cited by 127
A design methodology for affective Virtual Reality
Dozio, N., Marcolin, F., Scurati, G. W., Ulrich, L., Nonis, F., Vezzetti, E., Marsocci, G., Rosa, A. L., & Ferrise, F. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102791 · Cited by 135
A SWOT Analysis of the Field of Virtual Reality for Firefighter Training
Engelbrecht, H., Lindeman, R. W., & Hoermann, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00101 · Cited by 135
Virtual Reality for the Enhancement of Emotion Regulation
Colombo, D., Díaz‐García, A., Fernandez‐Álvarez, J., & Botella, C. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2618 · Cited by 120
Virtual reality exposure therapy for active duty soldiers
Reger, G. M., & Gahm, G. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20512 · Cited by 124
Vecchiato, G., Tieri, G., Jelić, A., Matteis, F. D., Maglione, A. G., & Babiloni, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01944 · Cited by 133
Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120
Outcomes associated with virtual reality in psychological interventions: where are we now?
Turner, W. A., & Casey, L. M. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.003 · Cited by 116
“Additionally, there has been little assessment of the methodological rigour of research into VR interventions, despite the need for improvement in this area (Parsons & Rizzo, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStanney, K. M., & Cohn, J. V. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470048204.ch40 · Cited by 120
Metadata
- Authors
- Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parsons, Thomas D.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 250-261
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080509533
- Cited by
- 994
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, specific phobia, anxiety reduction, treatment outcomes, presence, immersion
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Forecasting, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Phobic Disorders, Research Design, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome, Sample Size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
