Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences

Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences

Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).

Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421

Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp

Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377

The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.

Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068

A power primer.

Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771

Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire

Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371

Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.

Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396

The combination of estimates from different experiments

Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380

Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.

Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,840

Presence, Cybersickness, Anxiety, and Heart Rate Variability in a Non-Clinical Population Using Virtual Reality Environments Designed For Specific Phobias' Treatment

Distéfano, M. J., Labandeira, L. P., Tarnogol, F. M., & Mesurado, B. (2020) · Psychology and Mental Health Care · doi:10.31579/2637-8892/069 · Cited by 1

Tema 1: Spildesign i Serious Games - en didaktisk udfordring?

Helms, N. H., & Rahbek, J. U. (2012) · Tidsskriftet Læring og Medier (LOM) · doi:10.7146/lom.v5i9.6168 · Cited by 1

Cyberpsychology Theory and Praxes: Ethical and Methodological Considerations

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.002 · Cited by 1

Mobile Virtual Reality to Enhance Subjective Well-Being

Pallavicini, F., Morganti, L., Diana, B., Realdon, O., Zurloni, V., & Mantovani, F. (2018) · Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7598-6.ch076 · Cited by 1

The Rise of the Virtual Human

Powell, W. A., Corbett, N., & Powell, V. (2019) · Natural Language Processing · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0951-7.ch070 · Cited by 1

Preclinical Methods of Neurosteroid-Induced Facilitation of Fear Extinction and Fear Extinction Retention

Santovito, L. S., & Pinna, G. (2023) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_15 · Cited by 1

VR and Sensors in Alleviating Loneliness

Davies, S. (2023) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw59127.2023.10388117 · Cited by 1

Effect of using virtual reality to manage needle phobia in adults undergoing medical procedures: A rapid review

Gilbertson, C. J., Rasekaba, T. M., & Blackberry, I. (2024) · Journal of Perioperative Nursing · doi:10.26550/2209-1092.1290 · Cited by 1

The Potential of virtual reality Digital Twins to serve as therapy approaches for stuttering

Tentu, S. K., Cecil, J., & Tetnowski, J. A. (2024) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah61285.2024.10639574 · Cited by 1

Relevance of functional and dysfunctional psychological dimensions in the manifestation of eating behavior

Iacobin, A. (2024) · Studia Universitatis Moldaviae Seria Științe ale Educației · doi:10.59295/sum5(175)2024_25 · Cited by 1

Terapia de Exposición Mediante Realidad Virtual e Internet en el Trastorno de Ansiedad/Fobia Social: Una Revisión Cualitativa Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy and Internet in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Review.

García-García, E. S., & Olivares-Olivares, P. J. (2011) · Cited by 1

Analysis and evaluation of impact virtual reality on human state

Kołażyk, S., Maciąg, K., & Gutek, D. (2017) · Journal of Computer Sciences Institute · doi:10.35784/jcsi.510 · Cited by 1

Consumer participation in personalized psychiatry

Eyre, H. A., Becker, E. R., Blumenthal, M. S., Singh, A., Raji, C. A., Vahabzadeh, A. B. N., Wainer, Z., & Bousman, C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813176-3.00006-7 · Cited by 1

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: Bringing ‘in vivo’ Into the Office

McMahon, E. (2017) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf03544649 · Cited by 1

Virtual Reality Ethics

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.013 · Cited by 2

Virtual reality and its therapeutic uses in the elderly: A narrative clinical review

Sousa, A. D., Lodha, P., & Karia, S. (2020) · Journal of Geriatric Mental Health · doi:10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_8_20 · Cited by 2

Telepsychology and the Ethical Delivery of e-Therapy

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.009 · Cited by 1

RANCANGAN VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY (VRET) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AUDIENCE SELF-PRESENTATIONAL EFFICACY

Meditania, M., Siswadi, A. G. P., & Iskandarsyah, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychological Science and Profession · doi:10.24198/jpsp.v4i2.26389 · Cited by 1

Emerging Technology Applications to Promote Physical Activity and Health

Gao, Z., & Lee, J. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03897-709-4 · Cited by 1

Anxiety Disorders: Social Anxiety Disorder and Specific Phobia

McCabe, R. E., Hood, H. K., & Antony, M. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch54 · Cited by 1

The Contribution of Fear Conditioning to Pathological Anxiety: An Investigation of Conditioned Fear Generalization in OCD Traits and PTSD

Kaczkurkin, A. N. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1

Fears and Specific Phobias

Kaskas, M. M., Ryan, P. M., & Davis, T. E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch3 · Cited by 1

Taking simulation beyond education in healthcare

Watson, M. J. O. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119061656.ch12 · Cited by 1

Virtual Environments for the Induction of Action

Flowers, B. A. (2018) · doi:10.23860/diss-flowers-brian-2018 · Cited by 1

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Therapy upon Insomnia among Schizophrenic Clients

Jabeen, S. (2016) · Cited by 1

Simulating Psychedelic Therapy Through Mediated Reality

Hillstead, A. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17067917.v1 · Cited by 1

Behaviorism

DiBlasi, T., & Waters, L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1230-1 · Cited by 1

Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders

Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P. R., Kjernisted, K. D., & Ameringen, M. V. (2021) · doi:10.32920/14638581.v1 · Cited by 1

Behaviorism

DiBlasi, T., & Waters, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1230 · Cited by 1

The role of immersive multi-sensory interior design environment in reducing students' generalized anxiety disorder

Baktash, H. (2023) · doi:10.31274/td-20240329-784 · Cited by 1

An Affordances-Based Framework and Scoping Review of Virtual Reality Applications in Forensic Behavioral and Mental Health Assessment and TreatmentPreprint

Mertens, E. C. A., & van Gelder, J. (2025) · CrimRxiv · doi:10.21428/cb6ab371.b7a96f8d · Cited by 1

Elements: clinical design and evaluation of a virtual reality augmented workspace for upper-limb rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury

Mumford, N. (2010) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27586893

The Impact of Diabetes Education Modality and Diabetes Type on Psychosocial Outcomes in Young Adults with Diabetes

Blume, H., Safaii, S., Ramsay, S. A., & Raidl, M. A. (2013) · Advances in Diabetes and Metabolism · doi:10.13189/adm.2013.010105

A Context-Aware System for Anxiety Disorders

Panagiotakopoulos, T., Fengou, M.-A., Malliaris, P., & Lymberopoulos, D. K. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/20534

DFP: Psychotherapie der Angststörungen

Doering, S. (2017) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)

Avatar : saving lives in virtual worlds

Creutzfeldt, J. (2013) · Figshare

Phobies spécifiques

Vera, L. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70402-4.00003-1

Efeitos da fisioterapia convencional e da wiiterapia em mulheres idosas com osteoartrite de joelho

Wibelinger, L. M. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)

Contributions to Neuropsychotherapy of the Combined Use of Neuroimaging and Virtual Exposure for Assessment in Psychological Treatments.

Bellido, M. C. (2014) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/37234

Analysis of Physiological Response to Neutral Virtual Reality Worlds

Busscher, B., Vliegher, D. D., Ling, Y., & Brinkman, W. (2010)

An approach to a generic therapist Graphical User Interface design of the Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy system: A case study performed in the field of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Fear of Flying

Sandino, M. G. (2012) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapie

Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Meyerbröker, K. (2011) · Psychopraktijk · doi:10.1007/s13170-011-0011-y

La validación transcultural de intervenciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el tratamiento de trastornos de ansiedad

Cárdenas, G., Botella, C., Baños, R., Quero, S., Durán-Baca, X., & la Rosa-Gómez, A. D. (2015) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.19.num.3.2014.13900

Ask the Expert: Anxiety Disorders Virtual Reality Therapy

ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2011) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.9.3.foc292

The e↵ect of priming pictures and videos on a question-answer dialog scenario in a virtual environment (Preliminary Version) ⇤

Qu, C. (2013)

Telehealth, Computer-, and Internet-Based Approaches to Treating Depression and Anxiety

Lubin, R. E., Jordan, A., Wortmann, J. H., Larson, J. L., & Litz, B. T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00191-9

NIDRR Perspectives on VR Applications for Addressing the Needs of those Aging with and into Disability

Rizzo, A., Requejo, P., Winstein, C. J., Lange, B. S., Ragusa, G., Merians, A. S., Patton, J. L., Banerjee, P. P., & Aisen, M. L. (2011)

Utilização de técnicas de realidade virtual não-imersiva em contecto de reabilitação de indivíduos com traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave

Pires, I. I. F. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)

The Virtual Classroom As a Tool for the Assessment of Automatic and Controlled Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Carlew, A. R. (2015) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc804860

Tratamientos psicológicos basados en la evidencia y las tecnologías de la información y comunicación

Arbona, C. B., Serrano, B., & Guillén, V. (2016) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · doi:10.1016/b978-84-9022-681-0.00024-3

L’argument de la Simulation et le problème de la classe de référence : le point de vue du contextualisme dialectique

Franceschi, P. (2016) · Philosophiques · doi:10.7202/1038211ar

The SupportNet Website: A Social Media Self-Care System

Yeager, C. M., Bock, J., & Benight, C. C. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95103-1_3

Do Olfactory Stimuli Increase Presence During Exposure Tasks: A Comparative Study

Munyan, B. G. (2015) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

Emotions and Altered States of Awareness

Martin, J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.001

Mobile Virtual Reality to Enhance Subjective Well-Being

Pallavicini, F., Morganti, L., Diana, B., Realdon, O., Zurloni, V., & Mantovani, F. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch541

VirtualRealityExposureTherapyfortheTreatmentofPosttraumatic StressDisorder:AMethodologicalReviewUsingCONSORT Guidelines

Motraghi, T. E., Seim, R. W., Meyer, E. C., & Morissette, S. B. (2014)

The Effect of Peer Practice on Communication Apprehension in High School Students: A Quantitative, Quasi-Experimental, Static-Group Study

Bowman, A. (2018) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)

L'effet de la réalité virtuelle sur l'anxiété de performance et sur la qualité de la prestation des musiciens

Bissonnette, J. (2013)

Artificial Colloquist: Treating Social Anxiety Disorder Using Altera FPGA

Zaimović, S., Šiljak, H., & Jokić, D. Ž. (2018) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.176

Group therapy in a cohort study of Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Farah, T. H., El-Makawi, S. M., Khalaf, O. O., Gaber, W., & Eleishi, H. H. (2018) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13416

Rehabilitation and Medical Assistant Technique in Virtual Reality

Sharma, G. (2017) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2829-6.ch011

Concussion and the 21st-Century Renaissance of Neuropsychology

Victoroff, J., & Bigler, E. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139696432.011

Przyjmowanie perspektywy w rzeczywistości wirtualnej dla personelu wojskowego: przegląd podejść do wirtualnego treningu społecznego

Fedyniuk, A., & Ignaczewska, A. (2019) · Ruch Filozoficzny · doi:10.12775/rf.2019.034

Exposure Therapy by Virtual Reality and Its Monitoring by Biofeedback

Šlepecký, M., Škobrtal, P., Novotný, M., Bazínková, E., & Kotianova, A. (2018) · Cognitive Remediation Journal · doi:10.5507/crj.2018.001

Body image; representation and constraints on measurement in real and virtual worlds

Irvine, K. (2018) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.33504.43527

The Simulation Argument and the Reference Class Problem : a Dialectical Contextualism AnalysisPreprint

Franceschi, P. (2016) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh)

Reflections and Future Directions

Kraaimaat, F. W., & Hornsveld, R. H. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27840-3_9

Exploring Occupant Behavioral Intentions in Immersive Virtual Environment to Enhance the Design and Engineering of Sustainable Buildings

Saeidi, S. (2019) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5073

Is Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy the Future Treatment for Anxious Dental Patients?

Gujjar, K. R., & de Jongh, A. (2019) · Journal of the California Dental Association · doi:10.1080/19424396.2019.12220818

Cyberpathologies and Cybertherapies

Norman, K. L. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316212554.014

Social Media Ethics Section 1: Facebook, Twitter, and Google – Oh My!

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.010

Enhancing the Online Education Experience Using Virtual Reality

Shepherd, I. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8928-7_4

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Medical Education and Health Care

Ōyama, H. (2020) · Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi · doi:10.2169/naika.109.100

Virtual Reality and Augmeneted Reality for Managing Symptoms

Charalambous, A., & Ioannou, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60697-8_7 · Cited by 1

Neuroethics and the Future of Cyberpsychology

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.005

Olfaction, Memory, and Presence in Warfighters: Do the Scents of War Matter?

Munyan, B. G. (2018) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

Presence in VR: Developing measure and stimulus

Kukshinov, E. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw52623.2021.00237

Cyberpsychology, Aging, and Gerontechnology

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.007

Digital and Extended Selves in Cyberspace

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.004

Social Media Ethics Section 3: Digital Citizenship

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.012

Meta Analysis Indicators of Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (Vret) in The Treatment Some Types of Specifc Phobias

Abdullah, A. A., -, -, -, & - (2020) · Journal of Educational & Psychological Sciences · doi:10.12785/jeps/210405

Cognitive Performance in Immersive Environments After Acquired Brain Injury

van der Ham, I. J. M. (2021) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7430-0.ch012

Ethical Considerations of Using VR in Mental Health Training

Cachia, A., Camilleri, V., Dingli, A., Galea, M., Grech, P., Sammut, A., & Scerri, J. (2021) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7888-9.ch006

The effectiveness of virtual reality in the clinical psychology context : a critical review

Liebenberg, F. (2021) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)

Virtual Conversation: Automated Free Speech Dialogue with a Computer Character

Heijden, N. T. (2011)

Simulating Psychedelic Therapy Through Mediated Reality

Hillstead, A. (2017) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17067917

Modeling the Induction of Psychosocial Stress in Virtual Reality Simulations

Kessassi, C. (2021) · 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw52867.2021.9666443

Full Issue PDF

(2018) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/s2452-302x(18)30124-4

References

(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.015

Author Index

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.017

Subject Index

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.016

Preface

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.001

Problematic Internet Use, Online Gambling, Smartphones, and Video Games

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.008

Cyberlearning and Ethical Considerations for Using Technology with Children

Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.006

Virtual Reality

Goldstein, C. M., & Goldstein, S. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_101947

Increasing quality of life for older adults living in collective dwellings using virtual reality: a feasibility study

Krieger, L. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14662047

Virtual Reality

Goldstein, C. M., & Goldstein, S. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_101947-1

虚拟现实技术在心理治疗中的进展、 争议与展望

马, 前., & 杨, 晓. (2019) · Theory and Practice of Psychological Counseling · doi:10.35534/tppc/0105018

Presence in a Persuasive Drinking and Driving Message

Knight, J. M. (2018) · doi:10.33915/etd.7199

Rehabilitation and Medical Assistant Technique in Virtual Reality

Sharma, G. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5469-1.ch025

Innovative virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Chang, Y., Arifin, H., Hung, T.-M., Lin, C.-L., Ye, J.-Y., Pien, L., Su, P.-Y., Chen, R., & Chou, K. (2026) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.16.04090 · Cited by 4

A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality-Based Exposure Therapy for Anxiety and Phobia Treatment: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Okuagu, D., Udofia, N. S., Anthony, C. O., & Dike, I. G. (2026) · Iconic Research and Engineering Journals · doi:10.64388/irev9i10-1716140

Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889

Journal of Behavior Therapy

Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2007)

Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis

Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 · Cited by 904