Cited by 176Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Behavioral theory of depression: Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression

Carvalho, John P., Hopko, Derek R.·2011·Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.10.001

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Abstract

Behavioral theory posits that certain environmental changes and avoidant behaviors inhibit individuals from experiencing environmental reward and reinforcement and subsequently leads to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. Using self-report and behavioral (daily diary) indices of environmental reward as proxy measures for positive reinforcement, this investigation examined whether environmental reward mediated the relationship between avoidance and depression. When controlling for anxiety, both indices of environmental reward significantly mediated the relationships of depression with cognitive, behavioral and total avoidance. Post-hoc mediation analyses were conducted to examine potential gender differences. Self-reported environmental reward significantly mediated the relationship between avoidance and depression across both genders. Among females, however, daily diary-measured reward only mediated the relation between cognitive avoidance and depression. In males daily diary reward was a mediator with all three forms of avoidance and depression. This investigation provides initial support for reinforcement as a significant mediator between avoidance and depression and further highlights the relevance of avoidance and reinforcement in behavioral conceptualizations of depression.

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Authors: Carvalho, J. P., & Hopko, D. R.
Affiliations: University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
Venue: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 154-162
ISSN: 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.10.001
OpenAlex: W2159243388
Cited by: 176
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 7.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: depression, avoidance, reinforcement, environmental reward, mediation, cognitive avoidance, behavioral avoidance, gender differences, anxiety, daily diary
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reinforcement, Psychology, Young Adult

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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Behavioral theory of depression: Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression

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