The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 32 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Using acceptance and commitment therapy to increase self-compassion: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Self-compassion has been shown to be related to several types of psychopathology, including traumatic stress, and has been shown to improve in response to various kinds of interventions. Current conceptualizations of self-compassion fit well with the psychological flexibility model, which underlies acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). However, there has been no research on ACT interventions specifically aimed at self-compassion. This randomized trial therefore compared a 6-hour ACT-based workshop targeting self-compassion to a wait-list control. From pretreatment to 2-month follow-up, ACT was significantly superior to the control condition in self-compassion, general psychological distress, and anxiety. Process analyses revealed psychological flexibility to be a significant mediator of changes in self-compassion, general psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress. Exploratory moderation analyses revealed the intervention to be of more benefit in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress to those with greater trauma history. © 2014.
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Claims the paper makes
2 of 32 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“ACT’s process of change, psychological flexibility, which is measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011), correlates with the SCS at r = .65”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Neff, unpublished data cited in Neff & Tirch, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Bond et al., 2011 source
The citation is attached to the identification of the AAQ-II as a measure of psychological flexibility. The Overview of the present studies explicitly describes developing the AAQ-II as a measure of that construct. The sentence does not attach this citation specifically to the subsequent SCS correlation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Process analyses revealed psychological flexibility to be a significant mediator of changes in self-compassion, general psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From pretreatment to 2-month follow-up, ACT was significantly superior to the control condition in self-compassion, general psychological distress, and anxiety.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exploratory moderation analyses revealed the intervention to be of more benefit in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress to those with greater trauma history.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Process analyses revealed psychological flexibility to be a significant mediator of changes in self-compassion, general psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Process analyses revealed psychological flexibility to be a significant mediator of changes in self-compassion, general psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Process analyses revealed psychological flexibility to be a significant mediator of changes in self-compassion, general psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From pretreatment to 2-month follow-up, ACT was significantly superior to the control condition in self-compassion, general psychological distress, and anxiety.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exploratory moderation analyses revealed the intervention to be of more benefit in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress to those with greater trauma history.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exploratory moderation analyses revealed the intervention to be of more benefit in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress to those with greater trauma history.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The AAQ-II correlates very highly with the AAQ-I (r = .97), which has mediated ACT treatment effects in many outcome studies”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures and Assessment Schedule
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Mediational studies section (p. 17) reports that the AAQ mediated ACT outcomes in a worksite study, supporting the mediation part of the claim. But the paper does not report an AAQ-II–AAQ-I correlation of r = .97, and its discussion of AAQ versions (Research on ACT, p. 10) does not identify them as AAQ-I and AAQ-II. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“a score on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ; Goldberg, 1972) of 10 or higher, which indicates the presence of a current DSM-IV Axis I disorder with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 60% in this approximate age group”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baksheev, Robinson, Cosgrave, Baker, & Yung, 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some authors have suggested that acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 2012) overlaps with Neff’s conceptualization of self-compassion considerably and that Relational Frame Theory (RFT; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001), the basic science of language and cognition behind ACT, may be relevant to self-compassion as well”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Neff & Tirch, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“assigned to either the ACT workshop or waitlist condition via a random number generator”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Participants
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The SCS has good internal reliability, both in its validation study (α = .92) and in the present study (α = .90).”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures and Assessment Schedule
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Neff, 2003a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“One study showed that an 8-week mindful self-compassion course based on Neff’s conceptualization improved self-compassion, mindfulness, compassion towards others, life satisfaction, avoidance, depression, anxiety, and stress significantly more than a wait-list control, with all improvements maintained at 6-month follow-up”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neff & Germer, 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several simpler and restrictive covariance assumptions were tested (compound symmetry, compound symmetry heterogeneous, Toeplitz) and the simplest model was used that was not significantly different than the unspecified covariance structure as determined by comparison of nested models through the restricted log-likelihood.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The AAQ-II is more internally consistent than the original AAQ (Hayes et al., 2004) with an α = .84 in its validation study and α = .87 in the present study.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures and Assessment Schedule
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes et al., 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences between group conditions in outcome and process measures were generally medium to large and always in favor of the ACT intervention.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Efficacy of ACT Intervention and Mediation by Psychological Flexibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Internal consistency has previously been shown to be good (α for each scale > .87; Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998), and was acceptable to good at pretreatment in the present study (αs for depression, anxiety, and stress = .86, .76, and .84, respectively).”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures and Assessment Schedule
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The raters’ responses were never more than 1 point apart, and they agreed precisely 76% of the time.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Intervention
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exploratory analyses and visual inspection suggested that the workshop had a greater effect on self-compassion, depression, anxiety, and stress among those endorsing more types of stressful life events, including a history of trauma.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Moderating Role of Trauma History
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Internal consistency is good in college-aged individuals (Cronbach’s α = .84; Winefield, Goldney, Winefield, & Tiggemann, 1989) and was good at pretreatment in the current study (α = .87).”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Measures and Assessment Schedule
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Winefield, Goldney, Winefield, & Tiggemann, 1989 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these outcomes are consistent with our theoretical rationale, suggesting that this brief intervention was efficacious to improve self-compassion and symptoms of psychopathology, and that these improvements were mediated by the hypothesized process of change.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Efficacy of ACT Intervention and Mediation by Psychological Flexibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before conducting formal statistical analyses, underlying distributional assumptions were examined, particularly skewness, kurtosis, outliers, and homogeneity of variance.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Distributional Assumptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Clinical psychology graduate students with a minimum of 1 year of practicum training in ACT rated each workshop using an adherence manual adapted from Plumb & Vilardaga (2010) that assessed coverage of the 6 ACT flexibility processes and the absence of ACT-inconsistent approaches”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Plumb & Vilardaga (2010) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptoms of depression were significantly reduced in the ACT group after the intervention and at two months follow up.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Efficacy of ACT Intervention and Mediation by Psychological Flexibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was explored as a method of data analysis, in virtually all cases modeling time categorically rather than as a linear covariate provided a better fit as determined by a comparison of nested models using restricted log-likelihoods, and thus a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) analysis was used.”
- Also stated in: § Outcomes · hedged
“MMRM is a mixed regression model that retains most of the advantages of HLM for an intent-to-treat analysis (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002) in using all available data from all subjects and taking into account the obtained outcome and missingness, thus reducing the problem of missing data.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
- Also stated in: § Outcomes · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the last outcome, stress, the ACT intervention led to moderate reductions over time, but between group differences only reached a trend, which could be due to insufficient power to detect small effects.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Efficacy of ACT Intervention and Mediation by Psychological Flexibility
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because the AAQ-II measures several facets of psychological flexibility, and because the intervention targeted several of the 6 ACT processes, it is difficult to know which components of the intervention impacted which processes and were most beneficial.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Future Directions and Clinical Implications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, symptoms of anxiety improved in the ACT condition at each measurement occasion—improvements which were superior as compared to the waitlist condition.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Discussion > Efficacy of ACT Intervention and Mediation by Psychological Flexibility
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only the Anxiety subscale of the DASS failed to meet criteria, but did so after 2 outliers were removed from follow-up.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Distributional Assumptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall adherence scores for the 3 workshops were high in all cases (4.59, 4.69, and 4.86; M = 4.71, SD = .14), indicating that the intervention was delivered skillfully and in depth.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Method > Intervention
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no difference on any screening measure or demographic variable (gender, racial/ethnic background, sexual orientation, or grade point average) between the two conditions, except that that ACT participants were significantly younger than waitlist control participants (p = .04), although the means differed by less than 1 year.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ACT group was smaller (n = 34) than the waitlist group (n = 44) because of the unblocked randomization procedure, which could not ensure equivalence of group size.”
§ Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Increase Self-Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial > Results > Participant Characteristics
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data in the outcome analyses are missing at random.
“MMRM is a mixed regression model that retains most of the advantages of HLM for an intent-to-treat analysis (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002) in using all available data from all subjects and taking into account the obtained outcome and missingness, thus reducing the problem of missing data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pre-to-post changes in psychological flexibility causally mediate pre-to-follow-up changes in outcomes.
“Pre to follow-up changes in the outcome variable were entered as outcomes, and pre to post changes in the process variable (AAQ-II) were entered as mediators.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data in the moderation analyses are missing at random.
“Using bootstrapping, 30 imputed datasets were generated, and missing data were imputed based on values for all other variables in the dataset.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The AAQ-II validly measures psychological flexibility.
“The functional role of psychological flexibility (AAQ-II) in producing effects on the outcome measures was examined by mediation analysis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SLESQ-R validly measures trauma history or stressful life events.
“To evaluate whether the workshop was differentially effective for individuals according to trauma history, the SLESQ-R (taken at pretreatment) was evaluated as a moderator of the effect of treatment condition on outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SCS, GHQ, DASS-D, DASS-A, and DASS-S validly measure their target constructs.
“An MMRM analysis with a heterogeneous compound symmetry covariance structure best fit the data from the SCS and revealed a significant effect for treatment condition (p < .001) and time (p < .001), and a significant and medium time-by-condition interaction [F(2, 102.61) = 10.18, p < .001, effect size = .74].”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These processes predict subsequent improvements in mental health, with defusion—conceptually analogous to decentering in the mindfulness literature—and self-as-context showing particularly strong links to reductions in rigid, self-critical, and shame-based thinking, as well as to the development of more compassionate self-perspectives (89).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [89]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These findings are also consistent with what prior literature found as benefits of ACT, helping one to detach oneself from thoughts and emotions and to be more self-compassionate [46].”
From ClearMind Workshop: An ACT-based Intervention Tailored for Academic Procrastination among Computing Students (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“research suggests that ACT does promote self-compassion [16]”
From Self-compassion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain: A pilot study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Researchers have found that, when compared to a wait-list control condition, ACT resulted in greater increases in self-compassion (Yadavaia et al., 2014).”
From Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy delivered via telehealth in a community behavioral health clinic (2025) · cites this paper as Yadavaia et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with the results of Khamoshi Ghalenoi & Mansouri (17) and Yadavaia et al. (32).”
From Effects of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Resiliency, Self-Compassion, and Corona Disease Anxiety on Medical Staff Involved in COVID-19 Pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as Yadavaia et al. (32)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“anxiety symptoms (Forman et al., 2007; Niles et al., 2014; Yadavaia et al., 2014)”
From Examining domains of psychological flexibility and inflexibility as treatment mechanisms in acceptance and commitment therapy: A comprehensive systematic and meta-analytic review (2024) · cites this paper as Yadavaia et al., 2014
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(2, 102.61) = 10.18reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2, 102.61) = 10.18, p < .001”
- Consistentt(109.56) = 3.08reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003
“t (109.56) = 3.08, p < .01”
- Consistentt(109.37) = 8.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t (109.37) = 8.21, p < .001”
- Consistentt(109.45) = -4.32reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t (109.45) = −4.32, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 106.8) = 3.69reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .028
“F(2, 106.80) = 3.69, p = .03”
- Consistentt(108.29) = -3.34reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .001
“t (108.29) = −3.34, p < .01”
- Consistentt(108.08) = -5.56reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t (108.08) = −5.56, p < .001”
- Consistentt(108.17) = 2.13reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .035
“t (108.17) = 2.13, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(2, 87.45) = 3.11reported p = .0498 · recomputed p = .050
“F(2, 87.45) = 3.11, p = .0498”
- Consistentt(63.18) = -2.73reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .008
“t (63.18) = −2.73, p = .01”
- Consistentt(133.02) = 2.49reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .014
“t (133.02) = 2.49, p = .01”
- ConsistentF(2, 67.21) = 7.48reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .001
“F(2, 67.21) = 7.48, p < .01”
- Consistentt(71.37) = -3.48reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“t (71.37) = −3.48, p < .01”
- Consistentt(70.47) = 2.76reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .007
“t (70.47) = 2.76, p = .01”
- Consistentt(111.53) = -3.02reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003
“t (111.53) = −3.02, p < .01”
- Consistentt(111.64) = 1.88reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .063
“t (111.64) = 1.88, p = .06”
- Consistentt(63) = 3.72reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“t(63) = 3.72, p < .01”
- Consistentt(63) = 3.03reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .004
“t(63) = 3.03, p < .01”
- Consistentt(63) = -2.01reported p = .049 · recomputed p = .049
“t(63) = −2.01, p = .049”
- Consistentt(63) = -1.14reported p = .26 · recomputed p = .259
“t(63) = −1.14, p = .26”
- Consistentt(63) = -1.79reported p = .08 · recomputed p = .078
“t(63) = −1.79, p = .08”
- Consistentt(63) = -0.8reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .427
“t(63) = −.80, p = .43”
- Consistentt(63) = -2.4reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .019
“t(63) = −2.40, p = .02”
- Consistentt(63) = -1.59reported p = .12 · recomputed p = .117
“t(63) = −1.59, p = .12”
- Consistentt(63) = -1.86reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .068
“t(63) = −1.86, p = .07”
- Consistentt(63) = -1.09reported p = .28 · recomputed p = .280
“t(63) = −1.09, p = .28”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 6.18reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .016
“F(1,64) = 6.18, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 7.55reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .008
“F(1,64) = 7.55, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 5.41reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .023
“F(1, 64) = 5.41, p = .02”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Self-compassion estimate falls outside its reported confidence interval
MajorThe reported mediation estimate is 2.51, but the upper limit of its reported 95% confidence interval is 2.01. The point estimate therefore lies outside the interval presented alongside it, suggesting that at least one value was reported incorrectly.
“bootstrapped point estimate = 2.51, SE = .86”
“95% CI: .07, 2.01”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Yadavaia, J. E., Hayes, S. C., & Vilardaga, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yadavaia, James E.
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 248-257
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4260406
- OpenAlex
- W2141219537
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K99DA037276)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma history, workshop intervention, mediation, moderation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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