Sweat test for cystic fibrosis: Wearable sweat sensor vs. standard laboratory test
Open accessAbstract
Background Sweat chloride testing for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) involves sweat induction, collection and handling, and measurement in an analytical lab. We have developed a wearable sensor with an integrated salt bridge for real-time measurement of sweat chloride concentration. Here, in a proof-of-concept study, we compare the performance of the sensor to current clinical practice in CF patients and healthy subjects.Method Sweat was induced on both forearms of 10 individuals with CF and 10 healthy subjects using pilocarpine iontophoresis. A Macroduct sweat collection device was attached to one arm and sweat was collected for 30 min and then sent for laboratory analysis. A sensor was attached to the other arm and the chloride ion concentration monitored in real time for 30 min using a Bluetooth transceiver and smart phone app.Results Stable sweat chloride measurements were obtained within 15 min following sweat induction using the wearable sensor. We define the detection time as the time at which the standard deviation of the real-time chloride ion concentration remained below 2 mEq/L for 5 min. The sweat volume for sensor measurements at the detection time was 13.1 ± 11.4 μL (SD), in many cases lower than the minimum sweat volume of 15 μL for conventional testing. The mean difference between sweat chloride concentrations measured by the sensor and the conventional laboratory practice was 6.2 ± 9.5 mEq/L (SD), close to the arm-to-arm variation of about 3 mEq/L. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the two measurements was 0.97 highlighting the excellent agreement between the two methods.Conclusion A wearable sensor can be used to make real-time measurements of sweat chloride within 15 min following sweat induction, requiring a small sweat volume, and with excellent agreement to standard methods.
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Wearables are applied in diverse fields of health.
“Apart from these 2 examples, wearables are applied in diverse fields of health, including acoustic, gastrointestinal sensors for ileus prediction [18]; UV sun exposure [19]; heat-related illness measurements [20]; electrolyte monitoring, for example, for cystic fibrosis or training management [21,22]; early warning of AF with a wearable ring [23]; generation of electrocardiograms (ECGs) [15];”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
Numerous reviews and studies have investigated validation and accuracy of specific affordable wearables compared to gold standard measurements or in meta-analysis.
“Numerous reviews and studies have investigated validation and accuracy, particularly for specific affordable wearables, comparing these to the gold standard measurements [21] or comparing evidence in a meta-analysis [8].”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Choi, D.-H., Thaxton, A., Jeong, I. C., Kim, K., Sosnay, P. R., Cutting, G. R., & Searson, P. C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Searson, Peter C.
- Venue
- Journal of Cystic Fibrosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e35-e38
- ISSN
- 1569-1993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2789961258
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 7.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cystic Fibrosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (SEARSO6XX0)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- sweat test, wearable sensors, real-time monitoring, pilocarpine iontophoresis, sweat collection, salt bridges, point-of-care testing, sweat volume
- MeSH terms
- Point-of-Care Testing, Proof of Concept Study, Adult, Chlorides, Cystic Fibrosis, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Sweat, Reproducibility of Results, Dimensional Measurement Accuracy, Mobile Applications
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