Wearable Potentiometric Chloride Sweat Sensor: The Critical Role of the Salt Bridge
Abstract
The components of sweat provide an array of potential biomarkers for health and disease. Sweat chloride is of interest as a biomarker for cystic fibrosis, electrolyte metabolism disorders, electrolyte balance, and electrolyte loss during exercise. Developing wearable sensors for biomarkers in sweat is a major technological challenge. Potentiometric sensors provide a relatively simple technology for on-body sweat chloride measurement, however, equilibration between reference and test solutions has limited the time over which accurate measurements can be made. Here, we report on a wearable potentiometric chloride sweat sensor. We performed parametric studies to show how the salt bridge geometry determines equilibration between the reference and test solutions. From these results, we show a sweat chloride sensor can be designed to provide accurate measurements over extended times. We then performed on-body tests on healthy subjects while exercising to establish the feasibility of using this technology as a wearable device.
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Researchers successfully developed a wrist-based potentiometric wearable device capable of detecting Cl− concentrations over time from sweat for cystic fibrosis monitoring.
“While there remains an unmet medical need to measure Cl− levels in real-time for sports, researchers successfully developed a wrist-based potentiometric wearable device capable of detecting Cl− concentrations over time from sweat for cystic fibrosis monitoring.36”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
There remains an unmet medical need to measure Cl− levels in real-time for sports.
“While there remains an unmet medical need to measure Cl− levels in real-time for sports, researchers successfully developed a wrist-based potentiometric wearable device capable of detecting Cl− concentrations over time from sweat for cystic fibrosis monitoring.36”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The wrist-based Cl− sensor was placed on human subjects by a wristband or adhesive tape and tested during exercise to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology as a wearable device.
“The sensor was placed on human subjects by a wristband or adhesive tape and tested during exercise to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology as a wearable device.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Choi, D.-H., Kim, J. S., Cutting, G. R., & Searson, P. C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Searson, Peter C.
- Venue
- Analytical Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-11-29
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 12241-12247
- ISSN
- 0003-2700 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6882
- OpenAlex
- W2554504443
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Analytical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Keywords
- sweat chloride, potentiometric sensors, wearable sensors, salt bridges, reference electrode, electrolyte balance, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Adult, Chlorides, Cystic Fibrosis, Electrolytes, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Potentiometry, Sweat, Sweating, Exercise, Young Adult
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