Cardiac 3D Printing and its Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is at the crossroads of printer and materials engineering, noninvasive diagnostic imaging, computer-aided design, and structural heart intervention. Cardiovascular applications of this technology development include the use of patient-specific 3D models for medical teaching, exploration of valve and vessel function, surgical and catheter-based procedural planning, and early work in designing and refining the latest innovations in percutaneous structural devices. In this review, we discuss the methods and materials being used for 3D printing today. We discuss the basic principles of clinical image segmentation, including coregistration of multiple imaging datasets to create an anatomic model of interest. With applications in congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, and surgical and catheter-based structural disease, 3D printing is a new tool that is challenging how we image, plan, and carry out cardiovascular interventions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
3D bioprinting can generate models replicating the heart's complex structure with chambers and large vessels using soft biomaterials.
“Models that replicate the geometrically complex structure of the heart, harboring chambers and large vessels with soft biomaterials, can be achieved using 3D bioprinting.”
From In situ expansion, differentiation, and electromechanical coupling of human cardiac muscle in a 3D bioprinted, chambered organoid (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
The Development of Printing Materials section (page not provided) says PolyJet 3D printing can replicate complex cardiac anatomy using materials ranging from very soft to hard. The Future Directions section (page not provided) also discusses modeling vessel and chamber walls with material blends. The copy does not establish that 3D bioprinting, specifically, produces a model of the heart incorporating both chambers and large vessels from soft biomaterials. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrinting tissues composed entirely of native proteins, cells, and/or biocompatible synthetic components is possible and accessible to many laboratories.
“The concept is gaining traction, as the ability to print tissues composed entirely of native proteins, cells and/or biocompatible synthetic components is possible and accessible to many laboratories9–17.”
From In situ expansion, differentiation, and electromechanical coupling of human cardiac muscle in a 3D bioprinted, chambered organoid (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
The Printing Technology and Development of Printing Materials sections describe synthetic materials used to print anatomical models that approximate cardiac tissue properties. They do not address printing tissues made of native proteins or cells, whether the synthetic components are biocompatible, or whether such printing is accessible to many laboratories (searched: native proteins, cells, bioprinting, laboratories). (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Xu, N., Wei, F., Liu, X., et al. (2015) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000001179 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Ibrahim, D., Broilo, T. L., Heitz, C., et al. (2008) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2008.10.008 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Costello, J. P., Olivieri, L., Su, L., et al. (2014) · Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1111/chd.12238 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Schievano, S., Migliavacca, F., Coats, L., Khambadkone, S., Carminati, M., Wilson, N., Deanfield, J. E., Bonhoeffer, P., & Taylor, A. M. (2007) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2422051994 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Schmauß, D., Haeberle, S., Hagl, C. M., & Sodian, R. (2014) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu310 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Jacobs, S., Grunert, R., Mohr, F. W., et al. (2007) · Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1510/icvts.2007.156588 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Shah, F. A., Snis, A., Matic, A., Thomsen, P., & Palmquist, A. (2015) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.013 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Kim, M. S., Hansgen, A. R., Wink, O., Quaife, R. A., & Carroll, J. D. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.740977 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Multimodality Imaging in the Context of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
Blanke, P., Naoum, C., Webb, J. G., et al. (2015) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.08.004 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Olivieri, L., Krieger, A., Loke, Y., Nath, D. S., Kim, P. C. W., & Sable, C. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.12.016 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, X., et al. (2014) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.04.026 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Replicating Patient-Specific Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis With Functional 3D Modeling
Maragiannis, D., Jackson, M., Igo, S. R., et al. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.115.003626 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Rapid prototyping compliant arterial phantoms for in-vitro studies and device testing
Biglino, G., Verschueren, P., Zegels, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1186/1532-429x-15-2 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Byrne, N., Forte, M. N. V., Tandon, A. A., et al. (2016) · JRSM Cardiovascular Disease · doi:10.1177/2048004016645467 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Stereolithographic Models for Surgical Planning in Congenital Heart Surgery
Sodian, R., Weber, S., Markert, M., et al. (2007) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.12.004 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Dynamic Simulation of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves Using a Stress Resultant Shell Model
Kim, H., Lu, J., Sacks, M. S., et al. (2007) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-007-9409-4 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Sumida, T., Otawa, N., Kamata, Y., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2015.10.020 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Tridimensional titanium-printed custom-made prosthesis for sternocostal reconstruction
Aranda, J. L., Jiménez, M. F., Rodríguez, M., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezv265 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
3D Printed Modeling of the Mitral Valve for Catheter-Based Structural Interventions
Vukicevic, M., Puperi, D. S., Grande-Allen, K. J., et al. (2016) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-016-1676-5 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationBinder, T. M., Moertl, D., Mundigler, G., Rehak, G., Franke, M., Delle‐Karth, G., Möhl, W., Baumgartner, H., & Maurer, G. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00498-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Farooqi, K. M., Saeed, O., Zaidi, A. N., et al. (2016) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.01.012 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Three-dimensional printing of models for surgical planning in patients with primary cardiac tumors
Schmauß, D., Gerber, N., & Sodian, R. (2013) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.12.030 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gosnell, J. M., Pietila, T., Samuel, B. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-016-9879-8 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Garekar, S., Bharati, A. H., Chokhandre, M., Mali, S., Trivedi, B. Y., Changela, V., Solanki, N., Gaikwad, S., & Agarwal, V. (2016) · World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery · doi:10.1177/2150135116645604 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Király, L., Tofeig, M., Jha, N. K., et al. (2015) · Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/icvts/ivv320 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Development of Patient-Specific Three-Dimensional Pediatric Cardiac Models
Noecker, A. M., Chen, J., Zhou, Q., et al. (2006) · ASAIO Journal · doi:10.1097/01.mat.0000217962.98619.ab · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Echocardiography and Three-Dimensional Printing: Sound Ideas to Touch a Heart
Farooqi, K. M., & Sengupta, P. P. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Understanding Spatially Complex Segmental and Branch Anatomy Using 3D Printing
Javan, R., Herrin, D., & Tangestanipoor, A. (2016) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2016.04.010 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Wang, K., Wu, C., Qian, Z. Y., et al. (2016) · Additive manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Knox, K., Kerber, C. W., Singel, S., et al. (2005) · Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1002/ccd.20333 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Printing of Mitral Valve Using Echocardiographic Data
Mahmood, F. U., Owais, K., Taylor, C. A., et al. (2014) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.06.020 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
3D Printed Modeling for Patient-Specific Mitral Valve Intervention
Little, S. H., Vukicevic, M., Avenatti, E., et al. (2016) · JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2016.02.027 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, D. H., Kang, J., Kim, N., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.015842 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Greil, G. F., Ivo Wolf, A., Kuettner, A., Fenchel, M. C., Miller, S., Martirosian, P., Schick, F., Oppitz, M., Meinzer, H., & Sieverding, L. (2007) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-007-0482-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sodian, R., Schmauß, D., Schmitz, C., et al. (2009) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.014 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Farooqi, K. M., Nielsen, J. C., Uppu, S. C., et al. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.114.003043 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
3D Printing in Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Anwar, S., Singh, G. K., Varughese, J., et al. (2016) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.03.013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Wang, K., Zhao, Y., Chang, Y.-H., et al. (2015) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.022 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Use of three-dimensional models to assist in the resection of malignant cardiac tumors
Jabbari, O. A., Saleh, W. K. A., Patel, A. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cardiac Surgery · doi:10.1111/jocs.12812 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound-Derived Physical Mitral Valve Modeling
Witschey, W. R. T., Pouch, A. M., McGarvey, J. R., Ikeuchi, K., Contijoch, F. J., Levack, M. M., Yushkevick, P. A., Sehgal, C. M., Jackson, B. M., Gorman, R. C., et al. (2014) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.094 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ryan, J. R., Moe, T. G., Richardson, R. R., et al. (2014) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.04.030 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Functional 3D Printed Patient-Specific Modeling of Severe Aortic Stenosis
Maragiannis, D., Jackson, M., Igo, S. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.058 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Chaowu, Y., Hua, L., & Xin, S. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.020735 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Russ, M. K., O'Hara, R., Nagesh, S. V. S., Mokin, M. V., Jiménez, C., Siddiqui, A. H., Bednarek, D. R., Rudin, S., & Ionita, C. N. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2081997 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Firouzian, A., Manniesing, R., Flach, Z. H., Risselada, R., van Kooten, F., Sturkenboom, M., van der Lugt, A., & Niessen, W. J. (2010) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.02.015 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Echocardiography derived three-dimensional printing of normal and abnormal mitral annuli
Mahmood, F. U., Owais, K., Montealegre-Gallegos, M., Matyal, R., Panzica, P., Maslow, A. D., & Khabbaz, K. R. (2014) · Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/0971-9784.142062 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Markl, M., Schumacher, R., Küffer, J., et al. (2005) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-005-0019-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kheradvar, A., Groves, E. M., Simmons, C. A., Griffith, B. E., Alavi, S. H., Tranquillo, R. T., Dasi, L. P., Falahatpisheh, A., Grande-Allen, K. J., Goergen, C. J., et al. (2014) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-014-1129-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationLung ultrasound in adult and paediatric cardiac surgery: is it time for routine use?
Cantinotti, M., Giordano, R., Volpicelli, G., et al. (2015) · Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/icvts/ivv315 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Printing for In Vivo Visualization of His Bundle Pacing Leads
Bauch, T. D., Vijayaraman, P., Dandamudi, G., et al. (2015) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.04.061 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Virtual and real bench testing of a new percutaneous valve device: a case study
Biglino, G., Capelli, C., Binazzi, A., et al. (2012) · EuroIntervention · doi:10.4244/eijv8i1a19 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vukicevic, M., Conover, T. A., Jaeggli, M. P., et al. (2014) · ASAIO Journal · doi:10.1097/mat.0000000000000093 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation3D-Printing in Congenital Cardiology: From Flatland to Spaceland
Deferm, S., Meyns, B. P., Vlasselaers, D., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Imaging Science · doi:10.4103/2156-7514.179408 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kato, K., Ishiguchi, T., Maruyama, K., et al. (2001) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-200103000-00026 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
3D printed cardiovascular models for surgical planning in complex congenital heart diseases
Valverde, I., Gomez-Ciriza, G., Suárez-Mejías, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1186/1532-429x-17-s1-p196 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Vranicar, M., Gregory, W., Douglas, W. I., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effect of Varying Hemodynamic and Vascular Conditions on Fractional Flow Reserve: An In Vitro Study
Kolli, K. K., Min, J. K., Ha, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003634 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationEchocardiography derived three- dimensional printing of normal and abnormal mitral annuli
Kapur, K., & Garg, N. (2014) · Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/0971-9784.142063 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Oyama, R., Jakab, M., Kikuchi, A., et al. (2013) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.12484 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Erratum to: 3D Printed Modeling of the Mitral Valve for Catheter-Based Structural Interventions
Vukicevic, M., Puperi, D. S., Grande-Allen, K. J., et al. (2016) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-016-1690-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAbstract 18647: Functional Evaluation of a Patient-specific 3D Printed Model of Aortic Regurgitation
Vukicevic, M., Maragiannis, D., Jackson, M. C., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.18647 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAbstract 19898: In-vitro Assessment of Coronary Hemodynamics in 3D Printed Patient-specific Geometry
Xiong, G., Kolli, K. K., Soohoo, H., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.19898 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [39]39. Noecker AM, Chen JF, Zhou Q, et al. Devel- opment of patient-specific three-dimensional pe- diatric cardiac models. ASAIO J 2006;52:349-53.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kupfer, M. E., Lin, W.-H., Ravikumar, V., Qiu, K., Wang, L., Gao, L., Bhuiyan, D. B., Lenz, M., Ai, J., Mahutga, R. R., et al. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.119.316155 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Ghosh, R. M., Jolley, M. A., Mascio, C. E., Chen, J. M., Fuller, S., Rome, J. J., Silvestro, E., & Whitehead, K. K. (2022) · 3D Printing in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s41205-022-00137-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sriwastwa, A., Ravi, P., Emmert, A., Chokshi, S., Kondor, S., Dhal, K., Patel, P., Chepelev, L. L., Rybicki, F. J., & Gupta, R. (2023) · 3D Printing in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s41205-023-00186-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vukicevic, M., Mosadegh, B., Min, J. K., & Little, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Little, Stephen H.
- Venue
- JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-184
- ISSN
- 1876-7591 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-878X
- PMC
- PMC5664227
- OpenAlex
- W2586184221
- Cited by
- 535
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 26
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000457)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- patient-specific 3D models, image segmentation, congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, structural heart disease, surgical planning, catheter-based interventions, cardiovascular imaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiology, Diffusion of Innovation, Forecasting, Heart Diseases, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Models, Anatomic, Models, Cardiovascular, Predictive Value of Tests, Prosthesis Design, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Computer-Aided Design, Patient-Specific Modeling, Printing, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
