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Textual paralanguage and its implications for marketing communications
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Abstract Both face‐to‐face communication and communication in online environments convey information beyond the actual verbal message. In a traditional face‐to‐face conversation, paralanguage, or the ancillary meaning‐ and emotion‐laden aspects of speech that are not actual verbal prose, gives contextual information that allows interactors to more appropriately understand the message being conveyed. In this paper, we conceptualize textual paralanguage (TPL), which we define as written manifestations of nonverbal audible, tactile, and visual elements that supplement or replace written language and that can be expressed through words, symbols, images, punctuation, demarcations, or any combination of these elements. We develop a typology of textual paralanguage using data from Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. We present a conceptual framework of antecedents and consequences of brands' use of textual paralanguage. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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“Interestingly, online communication can contain 'textual paralanguage' (textual representations of nonverbal expressions, e.g.sigh, eye roll) which approximate the nonverbal cues of an in-person interaction[3].”
From Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Luangrath, A. W., Peck, J., & Barger, V. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luangrath, Andrea Webb
- Venue
- Journal of Consumer Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-05-17
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-107
- ISSN
- 1057-7408 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7663
- OpenAlex
- W2399247729
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 17.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Journal of Consumer Psychology (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Digital Communication and Language
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Digital Marketing and Social Media
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Keywords
- paralinguistic features, nonverbal communication, marketing communication, brand communication, social media
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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