Variation across police response models for handling encounters with people with mental illnesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The empirical literature suggests that CIT and co-response program innovations have beneficial effects by reducing arrests and detention rates, but evidence is mixed on whether these programs are cost-effective.
“In general, this empirical literature suggests that these program innovations have beneficial effects by reducing arrests and detention rates, but evidence is mixed on whether these programs are cost-effective.”
From A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
The research designs used in studies of CIT and co-response generally do not support credible causal inference.
“However, the research designs used in these studies (e.g., case notes, qualitative and descriptive studies, before/after comparisons, and cross-sectional comparisons) generally do not support credible causal inference.”
From A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 9,198 · see citing works
Ellis, P. D. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511761676 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach
Cooper, H. (2017) · doi:10.4135/9781071878644 · Cited by 1,716 · see citing works
<i>meta-analysis</i> bias in location and selection of studies
Egger, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7124.61 · Cited by 1,374 · see citing works
Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis
McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5742 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations
Peplau, H. E. (1997) · Nursing Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/089431849701000407 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Cross-National Predictors of Crime: A Meta-Analysis
Nivette, A. E. (2011) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767911406397 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Compton, M. T., Esterberg, M. L., Mcgee, R., Kotwicki, R. J., & Oliva, J. R. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1199 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Crisis Intervention Team training for police officers responding to mental disturbance calls
Teller, J. L. S., Munetz, M. R., Gil, K. M., & Ritter, C. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.232 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination
Pinfold, V., Huxley, P., Thornicroft, G., Farmer, P., Toulmin, H., & Graham, T. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0641-4 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Compton, M. T., Bakeman, R. A., Broussard, B., Hankerson‐Dyson, D., Husbands, L., Krishan, S., Stewart-Hutto, T., D’Orio, B., Oliva, J. R., Thompson, N. J., et al. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300108 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Crisis Intervention Teams and People With Mental Illness
Morabito, M. S., Kerr, A. N., Watson, A. C., Draine, J., Ottati, V., & Angell, B. (2010) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128710372456 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Outcomes of Police Contacts with Persons with Mental Illness: The impact of CIT
Watson, A. C., Ottati, V., Morabito, M. S., Draine, J., Kerr, A. N., & Angell, B. (2009) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-009-0236-9 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Acute effects of breaking up prolonged sitting on fatigue and cognition: a pilot study
Wennberg, P., Boraxbekk, C., Wheeler, M. J., Howard, B., Dempsey, P. C., Lambert, G. W., Eikelis, N., Larsen, R. N., Sethi, P., Occleston, J., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009630 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
A systematic review of co-responder models of police mental health ‘street’ triage
Puntis, S., Perfect, D., Kirubarajan, A., Bolton, S., Davies, F., Hayes, A., Harriss, E., & Molodynski, A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1836-2 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Police perceptions of rape victims and the impact on case decision making: A systematic review
Sleath, E., & Bull, R. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.02.003 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Outcome for psychiatric emergency patients seen by an outreach police- mental health team
Lamb, H. R., Shaner, R., Elliott, D. M., et al. (1995) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.46.12.1267 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Rowe, M. D., Ralph, L., & Malik, A. (2024) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781036233419 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Officer perceptions of police responses to persons with a mental illness
Wells, W., & Schafer, J. A. (2006) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510610711556 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Compton, M. T., Bakeman, R. A., Broussard, B., Hankerson‐Dyson, D., Husbands, L., Krishan, S., Stewart-Hutto, T., D’Orio, B., Oliva, J. R., Thompson, N. J., et al. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300107 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Bahora, M., Hanafi, S., Chien, V. H., & Compton, M. T. (2007) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-007-0153-8 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Mobile Crisis Program: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Consumer Satisfaction
Scott, R. L. (2000) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.9.1153 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
How Does Violence Potential Relate to Crisis Intervention Team Responses to Emergencies?
Skeem, J. L., & Bibeau, L. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.2.201 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Blinded by PRISMA: Are Systematic Reviewers Focusing on PRISMA and Ignoring Other Guidelines?
Fleming, P. S., Koletsi, D., & Pandis, N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096407 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., Campbell, L. A., Peddle, S., Hare, S., Pyche, M., Spicer, D., & Moore, B. (2010) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371005501005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Taheri, S. A. (2016) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403414556289 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lamanna, D., Shapiro, G. K., Kirst, M. J., Matheson, F. I., Nakhost, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12384 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Ritter, C., Teller, J. L. S., Munetz, M. R., & Bonfine, N. (2010) · Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations · doi:10.1080/15332581003756992 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Police Crisis Intervention Training Programs
Rogers, M. S., Mcniel, D., & Binder, R. (2019) · The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law · doi:10.29158/jaapl.003863-19 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cotton, D. H. G., & Coleman, T. G. (2010) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614261003701665 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ellis, H. A. (2013) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2013.10.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Matz, A. K., Woo, Y., & Kim, B. (2014) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.02.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationPolice attitudes toward people with intellectual disability: an evaluation of awareness training
Bailey, A. W., Barr, O. G., & Bunting, B. P. (2001) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00339.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Batastini, A. B., King, C. M., Morgan, R. D., & McDaniel, B. (2016) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000042 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Police officer perceptions of the impact of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs
Bonfine, N., Ritter, C., & Munetz, M. R. (2014) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Kirst, M. J., Pridham, K. F., Narrandes, R., Matheson, F. I., Young, L., Niedra, K., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1036970 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Evangelista, E., Lee, S. J., Gallagher, A., Peterson, V., James, J., Warren, N., Henderson, K., Keppich‐Arnold, S., Cornelius, L., & Deveny, E. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12218 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations
(2017) · doi:10.1177/0894318417693286 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Horspool, K., Drabble, S. J., & O’Cathain, A. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1026-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Is Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training evidence-based practice? A systematic review
Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2018) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2018.1484303 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Police Encounters, Mental Illness, and Injury: An Exploratory Investigation
Kerr, A. N., Morabito, M. S., & Watson, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations · doi:10.1080/15332581003757198 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. (1998) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kruis, N. E., Seo, C., & Kim, B. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1696821 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPratt, T. C. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511251003693678 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Watson, A. C., Ottati, V., Draine, J., & Morabito, M. S. (2011) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.07.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The impact of police training in mental health: an example from Australia
Herrington, V., & Pope, R. (2013) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2013.784287 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kubiak, S., Comartin, E., Milanovic, E., Bybee, D., Tillander, E., Rabaut, C., Bisson, H., Dunn, L. M., Bouchard, M. J., Hill, T., et al. (2017) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2305 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Helfgott, J. B., Hickman, M. J., & Labossiere, A. P. (2015) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.038 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kohrt, B. A., Blasingame, E., Compton, M. T., Dakana, S. F., Dossen, B., Lang, F., Strode, P., & Cooper, J. L. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302394 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hollander, Y., Lee, S. J., Tahtalian, S., et al. (2011) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2011.585131 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lee, S. J., Thomas, P., Doulis, C., Bowles, D., Henderson, K., Keppich‐Arnold, S., Pérez, E. C., & Stafrace, S. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12153 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Income Inequality and Crime in Europe: Do Places Matter?
Kim, B., Seo, C., & Hong, Y.-O. (2020) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-020-09450-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSellers, C. L., Sullivan, C. J., Veysey, B. M., & Shane, J. M. (2005) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.633 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tailoring the police response to people with mental illness to community characteristics in the USA
Reuland, M. (2010) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614261003701723 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Criminal Justice System–Wide Response to Mental Illness
Davidson, M. L. (2014) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403414554997 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of a Mental Health Educational Program Upon Police Officers
Godschalx, S. M. (1984) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770070207 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Attitudes toward Concealed Carry of Firearms on Campus: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Hassett, M. R., Kim, B., & Seo, C. (2019) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2019.1703717 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationDemir, B., Broussard, B., Goulding, S. M., & Compton, M. T. (2009) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9194-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Meehan, T., Brack, J., Mansfield, Y., et al. (2018) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856218797424 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Furness, T., Maguire, T., Brown, S., & McKenna, B. (2016) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paw047 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Keown, P., French, J., Gibson, G., Newton, E., Cull, S., Brown, P. M., Parry, J., Lyons, D., & McKinnon, I. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011837 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Surveys of Police Chiefs and Sheriffs and of Police Officers About CIT Programs.
Compton, M., Broussard, B., Reed, T. A., Crisafio, A., & Watson, A. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300451 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comartin, E. B., Swanson, L., & Kubiak, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986219836595 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Outcome for psychiatric emergency patients seen by an outreach police--mental health team.
Lamb, H., Shaner, R., Elliott, D. M., Decuir, W. J., & Foltz, J. T. (2001) · New Directions for Mental Health Services · doi:10.1002/yd.23320019007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mental Illness Stigma: Limitations of Crisis Intervention Team Training
Haigh, C. B., Kringen, A. L., & Kringen, J. A. (2018) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403418804871 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lurigio, A. J., Smith, A. C., & Harris, A. (2008) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1350/pojo.2008.81.4.431 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kubiak, S. P., Shamrova, D. P., & Comartin, E. B. (2018) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.11.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Decision analytic model exploring the cost and cost-offset implications of street triage
Heslin, M., Callaghan, L., Packwood, M., Badu, V., & Byford, S. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009670 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Officer perceptions of crisis intervention team training effectiveness
Tully, T., & Smith, M. E. (2015) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x15570558 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hacker, R. L., & Horan, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09380-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Compton, M. T., Demir, B., Oliva, J. R., et al. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.6.831 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Compton, M. T., Anderson, S., Broussard, B., Ellis, S., Halpern, B., Pauselli, L., O'Neal, M., Druss, B. G., & Johnson, M. (2017) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2319 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Factors Influencing the Responses of Crisis Intervention Team–Certified Law Enforcement Officers
Lord, V. B., Bjerregaard, B. E., Blevins, K. R., & Whisman, H. (2011) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611111423743 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Crisis Intervention Team Program: Four-Year Outcomes
Tyuse, S. W. (2012) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2012.708017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Police liaison and section 136: Comparison of two different approaches
Jenkins, O., Dye, S., Obeng-Asare, F., et al. (2017) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.115.052977 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
CIT in small municipalities: Officer‐level outcomes
Strassle, C. G. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2395 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Evaluation of ‘the R-Model’ crisis intervention de-escalation training for law enforcement
Peterson, J., Densley, J., & Erickson, G. (2020) · The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x19864997 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Evaluation of consequences of implementation of police crisis intervention team in Louisville.
El‐Mallakh, R. S., Spratt, D., Butler, C., & Strauss, G. D. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Examining the Effectiveness of Mental Health Education on Law Enforcement: Knowledge and Attitudes
Wise, M., Christiansen, L., & Stewart, C. O. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09319-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Janopaul-Naylor, E., Morin, S. L., Mullin, B. O., et al. (2019) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000196 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Crisis Intervention Team Training and the Protection Motivation Theory
Allen, M., & Campbell, G. (2018) · Journal of Social Change · doi:10.5590/josc.2018.10.1.08 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Police Officers and Mental Health: The Efficacy of CIT Training
Morris, I. (2017) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime
Dee, T. S., & Pyne, J. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2106 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“For example, one recent prominent review concludes that “… we caution against drawing conclusions related to causality based on these findings” ( 27 ).”
Seo, C., Kim, B., & Kruis, N. E. (2021) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/1057567720979184 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Seo, C., Kim, B., & Kruis, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Bitna
- Venue
- Journal of Criminal Justice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 101752
- ISSN
- 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3093209706
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- people with mental disorders, crisis intervention teams, police encounters, officer attitudes, procedural justice, arrests, use of force, de-escalation training, police-community relations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review