CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 230Influenza Virus Research StudiesVirology and Viral DiseasesRespiratory viral infections research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context.

Gatherer, Derek·2009·Journal of Clinical Virology
DOI 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Of the 16 known serotypes of influenza A haemagglutinin, 6 have been isolated from humans at the molecular level (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9). 3 of these have been involved in past pandemics (H1, H2, H3). Traditional pandemic surveillance has focussed on monitoring antigenic shift, meaning the re-assortment of novel haemagglutinins into seasonal human influenza A viruses during rare events of double infection with seasonal and zoonotic strains. H5, from avian H5N1 influenza, has been the major cause for concern in recent years. However, the 2009 H1N1 zoonotic event demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. The protein sequence divergence of the 2009 zoonotic H1 from human seasonal influenza H1 is around 20-24%. A similar level of divergence is found between the 2009 H1 and European swine flu. By contrast, its divergence from North American swine flu strains is around 1-9%. Given that the divergence between H1 and its nearest serotype neighbour H2 is around 40-46%, the 2009 H1 may be broadly considered as halfway towards a new serotype. The current situation is one of antigenic pseudo-shift.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004

Cites

11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 11 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–230 of 230

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Gatherer, D.
Affiliations
MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (GB)
Corresponding author
Gatherer, Derek
ORCID
Gatherer, Derek
Venue
Journal of Clinical Virology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-07
Volume
45
Issue
3
Pages
174-178
ISSN
1386-6532 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004
OpenAlex
W2046803831
Cited by
227
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
FWCI
20.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Virology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
Keywords
2009 H1N1 influenza, pandemic influenza, zoonotic influenza, antigenic shift, antigenic drift, hemagglutinin, swine influenza, H5N1, pandemic surveillance, protein divergence
MeSH terms
Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Influenza, Human, Swine, Reassortant Viruses, Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review